Metamitron replacing carbaryl in post bloom thinning of apple trees.

Carbaryl or the mixture of carbaryl with NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) or BA (benzyladenine) are the post-bloom chemical thinners most widely used in apple thinning in Brazil. The marketing restriction of carbaryl demands new options of apple post-bloom thinners, requiring the evaluation of others compounds for this purpose. Metamitron is one of the substances that may be used in chemical thinning of apples. Metamitron was evaluated at two concentrations, alone or in mixture with BA, in "MaxiGala", "Fuji Suprema" and "Fred Hough" apple cultivars. Applications of metamitron at 384 mg L-1 and at 768 mg L-1 in a mixture with BA, ranging from 40 mg L-1 to 80 mg L-1, sprayed on fruits with diameter ranging from 5 to 25 mm were compared ith the standard treatment and hand thinning. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4-6 repetitions of a single plant. The variables analyzed were: fruit set (%); percentage of floral clusters with 1, 2, 3, 4 or more fruits; fruit yield (kg); verage fruit fresh mass (g) and percentage of dropped fruit after thinning. Metamitron alone or in combination with BA reduced production per plant and significantly increased the fresh weight of fruits in all cultivars tested. Metamitron at 800 mg L-1 resulted in excessive fruit thinning, especially in ?MaxiGala? cultivar. Metamitron or metamitron + BA have potential to compose the program of chemical thinning of apple trees to replace carbaryl. Index terms: Plant growth regulators, concentration, fruit set, fruit production. O carbaryl ou a mistura de carbaryl com ANA (ácido naftaleno acético) ou BA (Benziladenina) são os produtos mais utilizados no raleio químico da macieira no Brasil. Com o cancelamento do registro do carbaryl como raleante de pós-floração, são necessárias novas alternativas, sendo importante testar diferentes raleantes com esta finalidade. Dentre as substâncias passíveis de utilização no raleio da macieira insere-se o metamitron. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta da aplicação de metamitron no raleio das macieiras ?Fuji Suprema?, ?MaxiGala? e ?Fred Hough?. O uso de metamitron foi testado em duas concentrações, só ou em mistura de tanque com BA, e comparado com BA e BA + etefom, em três cultivares de macieira: ?Maxigala?, ?Fuji Suprema? e ?Fred Hough?. Aplicações de 384 mg L-1 e 768 mg L-1 de metamitron em mistura com BA de 40 mg L-1 e 80 mg L-1 aplicado em frutos de 5 a 25 mm de diâmetro foram comparadas com ?tratamento-padrão? e raleio manual. Foi usado o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com cinco a seis repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram: frutificação efetiva (%), percentagem de cachos florais com 1; 2; 3; 4 ou mais frutos por inflorescência, produção por planta (kg), número de frutos por planta, massa média dos frutos (g) e percentagem de queda de frutos após o raleio. O metamitron só, ou em combinação com BA, reduziu a produção por planta e aumentou a massa média dos frutos em todas as cultivares estudadas. Metamitron a 768 mg L-1 resultou em excessivo raleio, especialmente na ?MaxiGala?. Metamitron ou metamitron + BA tem potencial para compor o programa de raleio químico da macieira em substituição ao carbaryl. Termos para indexação: Regulador de crescimento, concentração, frutificação efetiva, produção

Induction of senescence and foliar abscission in apple trees with the use of abscisic acid.

Aims: Evaluate the effects of different concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) on adult plants of productive age of ?Daiane? and ?Fuji Suprema?, to follow the ecophysiological effects and their efficiency in inducing leaf senescence, sprouting and productivity, in the Midwestern region of the state of Santa Catarina. Study Design: The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with six replications. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Caçador, Brazil (latitude 26º50?07? S, longitude 50º58?32? W, altitude 969 meters), during the growing seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Methodology: The apple fruit tree were submitted to the following treatments: 1) Control (without treatment), 2) abscisic acid 750 mg L-1 , 3) abscisic acid 750 + 750 mg L-1 , 4) abscisic acid 1500 mg L-1 and 5) abscisic acid 1500 + 1500 mg L-1 . ABA applications in the first year were carried out on May 2, 2013 in treatments 2, 3, 4, and 5, and after 11 days (05/13/13) the plants of treatments 3 and 5 were sprayed again. In the second year, ABA applications were carried out on May 6 and 15, 2014, following the same application methodology described for the first year. As the source of abscisic acid (ABA) the commercial product ProTone® (20% i.a.) was used, without the use of adjuvant. The exogenous application of ABA was effective in promoting the senescence and leaf fall of the ?Daiane? and ?Fuji Suprema? cultivars. In the 2013/2014 season, the concentration of 750 mg L-1 was enough to induce 100% leaf fall in 'Daiane' plants. However, a difference was observed between the concentrations of ABA used. There was a difference between concentrations and number of applications. Lower concentrations were efficient and deflated as much as the higher concentration. The application of ABA induces the abscission of apple leaves in early autumn in 'Daiane' and 'Fuji Suprema' apple plants. The ABA does not affect shoots of axillary buds and anticipates the beginning of shoots

Improvement in insulin sensitivity, but without changes in liver enzymes in obese women after 12 weeks of a walking exercise program with self-selected intensity

Background: Obesity is related to negative changes in insulin resistance and liver enzymes and is associated with the risk factor for the development of type II diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. A number of studies have demonstrated that aerobic exercise shows promise for disease prevention and treatment in this population. Aim: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a walking exercise program with self-selected intensity on insulin resistance and liver enzymes in obese women. Methods: Forty-eight obese women (47.8 ± 8.4 years; 88.1 ± 12.0 kg; 158.0 ± 0.1 cm) were divided into two groups: control group (CG; n = 23) and self-selected walking group (SSWG; n = 25). Before and after the exercise program, all subjects underwent anthropometric measurements and blood samples were collected. The intervention consisted of a walking exercise program with self-selected intensity for 12 weeks (3 times/week, totalizing 36 sessions). Results: After the exercise program, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA improved only in the SSWG (p 0.05). In addition, there were no differences in liver enzymes after the intervention in both groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The results support that a walking exercise program with self-selected intensity improved insulin resistance in obese women. Thus, exercise programs with self-selected intensity seem to be an interesting alternative for improving health and preventing diseases

Branched-chain amino acids do not improve muscle recovery from resistance exercise in untrained young adults.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of BCAA supplementation on muscle recovery from resistance exercise (RE) in untrained young adults. Twenty-four young adults (24.0 ± 4.3 years old) were assigned to 1 of 2 groups (n = 12 per group): a placebo-supplement group or a BCAA-supplement group. The groups were supplemented for a period of 5 days. On day 1 and 3, both groups underwent a RE session involving two lower body exercises (hack squat and leg press) and then were evaluated for muscle recovery on the 3 subsequent moments after the RE session [30 min (day 3), 24 h (day 4), and 48 h (day 5)]. The following indicators of muscle recovery were assessed: number of repetitions, rating of perceived exertion in the last RE session, muscle soreness and countermovement jump (CMJ) during recovery period (30 min, 24 h, and 48 h after RE session). Number of repetitions remained unchanged over time (time, P > 0.05), while the rating of perceived exertion increased (time, P  0.05). Muscle soreness increased (time, P  0.05). The results indicate that BCAA supplementation does not improve muscle recovery from RE in untrained young adults

Stimulation of lymphocyte anti-melanoma activity by co-cultured macrophages activated by complex homeopathic medication

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, and the most rapidly expanding cancer in terms of worldwide incidence. Chemotherapeutic approaches to treat melanoma have been uniformly disappointing. A Brazilian complex homeopathic medication (CHM), used as an immune modulator, has been recommended for patients with depressed immune systems. Previous studies in mice have demonstrated that the CHM activates macrophages, induces an increase in the number of leukocytes and improves the murine response against Sarcoma-180.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Here we studied the interaction of mouse lymph node lymphocytes, co-cultured <it>in vitro </it>with macrophages in the presence or absence of the CHM, with B16F10 melanoma cells.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Lymphocytes co-cultured with macrophages in the presence of the CHM had greater anti-melanoma activity, reducing melanoma cell density and increasing the number of lysed tumor cells. There was also a higher proportion of activated (CD25⁺) lymphocytes with increased viability. Overall, lymphocytes activated by treatment destroyed growing cancer cells more effectively than control lymphocytes.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Co-culture of macrophages with lymphocytes in the presence of the CHM enhanced the anti-cancer performance of lymphocytes against a very aggressive lineage of melanoma cells. These results suggest that non-toxic therapies using CHMs are a promising alternative approach to the treatment of melanomas. In addition, they are attractive combination-therapy candidates, which may enhance the efficacy of conventional medicines by improving the immune response against tumor cells.</p

Metamitron replacing carbaryl in post bloom thinning of apple trees.

ABSTRACT Carbaryl or the mixture of carbaryl with NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) or BA (benzyladenine) are the post-bloom chemical thinners most widely used in apple thinning in Brazil. The marketing restriction of carbaryl demands new options of apple post-bloom thinners, requiring the evaluation of others compounds for this purpose. Metamitron is one of the substances that may be used in chemical thinning of apples. Metamitron was evaluated at two concentrations, alone or in mixture with BA, in ?MaxiGala?, ?Fuji Suprema? and ?Fred Hough? apple cultivars. Applications of metamitron at 384 mg L-1 and at 768 mg L-1 in a mixture with BA, ranging from 40 mg L-1 to 80 mg L-1, sprayed on fruits with diameter ranging from 5 to 25 mm were compared ith the standard treatment and hand thinning. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4-6 repetitions of a single plant. The variables analyzed were: fruit set (%); percentage of floral clusters with 1, 2, 3, 4 or more fruits; fruit yield (kg); verage fruit fresh mass (g) and percentage of dropped fruit after thinning. Metamitron alone or in combination with BA reduced production per plant and significantly increased the fresh weight of fruits in all cultivars tested. Metamitron at 800 mg L-1 resulted in excessive fruit thinning, especially in ?MaxiGala? cultivar. Metamitron or metamitron + BA have potential to compose the program of chemical thinning of apple trees to replace carbaryl. Index terms: Plant growth regulators, concentration, fruit set, fruit production. Resumo O carbaryl ou a mistura de carbaryl com ANA (ácido naftaleno acético) ou BA (Benziladenina) são os produtos mais utilizados no raleio químico da macieira no Brasil. Com o cancelamento do registro do carbaryl como raleante de pós-floração, são necessárias novas alternativas, sendo importante testar diferentes raleantes com esta finalidade. Dentre as substâncias passíveis de utilização no raleio da macieira insere-se o metamitron. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta da aplicação de metamitron no raleio das macieiras ?Fuji Suprema?, ?MaxiGala? e ?Fred Hough?. O uso de metamitron foi testado em duas concentrações, só ou em mistura de tanque com BA, e comparado com BA e BA + etefom, em três cultivares de macieira: ?Maxigala?, ?Fuji Suprema? e ?Fred Hough?. Aplicações de 384 mg L-1 e 768 mg L-1 de metamitron em mistura com BA de 40 mg L-1 e 80 mg L-1 aplicado em frutos de 5 a 25 mm de diâmetro foram comparadas com ?tratamento-padrão? e raleio manual. Foi usado o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com cinco a seis repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram: frutificação efetiva (%), percentagem de cachos florais com 1; 2; 3; 4 ou mais frutos por inflorescência, produção por planta (kg), número de frutos por planta, massa média dos frutos (g) e percentagem de queda de frutos após o raleio. O metamitron só, ou em combinação com BA, reduziu a produção por planta e aumentou a massa média dos frutos em todas as cultivares estudadas. Metamitron a 768 mg L-1 resultou em excessivo raleio, especialmente na ?MaxiGala?. Metamitron ou metamitron + BA tem potencial para compor o programa de raleio químico da macieira em substituição ao carbaryl. Termos para indexação: Regulador de crescimento, concentração, frutificação efetiva, produção.201

Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Psychophysiological Responses to Maximal Incremental Exercise Test in Recreational Endurance Runners

Previous studies have suggested that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) might improve exercise performance and alter psychophysiological responses to exercise. However, it is presently unknown whether this simple technique has similar (or greater) effects on running performance. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to test the hypothesis that, compared with sham and cathodal tDCS, anodal tDCS applied over the M1 region would attenuate perception of effort, improve affective valence, and enhance exercise tolerance, regardless of changes in physiological responses, during maximal incremental exercise. In a double-blind, randomized, counterbalanced design, 13 healthy recreational endurance runners, aged 20-42 years, volunteered to participate in this study. On three separate occasions, the subjects performed an incremental ramp exercise test from rest to volitional exhaustion on a motor-driven treadmill following 20-min of brain stimulation with either placebo tDCS (sham) or real tDCS (cathodal and anodal). Breath-by-breath pulmonary gas exchange and ventilation and indices of muscle hemodynamics and oxygenation were collected continuously during the ramp exercise test. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and affective valence in response to the ramp exercise test were also measured. Compared with sham, neither anodal tDCS nor cathodal tDCS altered the physiological responses to exercise (P > 0.05). Similarly, RPE and affective responses during the incremental ramp exercise test did not differ between the three experimental conditions at any time (P > 0.05). The exercise tolerance was also not significantly different following brain stimulation with either sham (533 ± 46 s) or real tDCS (anodal tDCS: 530 ± 44 s, and cathodal tDCS: 537 ± 40 s; P > 0.05). These results demonstrate that acute tDCS applied over the M1 region did not alter physiological responses, perceived exertion, affective valence, or exercise performance in recreational endurance runners

Use of metamitron as an apple thinner.

ABSTRACT - The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of metamitron or metamitron plus benzyladenine as a post-bloom thinner on ?Baronesa? and ?Fuji? apples. Three experiments (rate, timing and BA combination) were conducted during two crop seasons, 2013/14 and 2014/15 at the experimental station located in Caçador, SC. Fruit set, fruit drop, yield per tree, fruit size and flowering return were assessed. The efficacy of metamitron was affected by time of application, and when applied at petal fall, promoted the proper adjustment of the production load of plants. Yield per plant reduces, whereas the allocation of fruits in categories of greater size increases proportionally to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied. However, there is excessive fruit drop with the use of high concentrations. The addition of BA to metamitron also promoted fruit drop; however, no difference was observed between single application of metamitron and BA addition. Metamitron shows great potential to be used as thinner for apples, since it reduces the number of fruits per tree. Index terms: Malus domestica, post-bloom thinning, fruit drop, return bloom, fruit quality.Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-03T23:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 USEOFMETAMITRONASANAPPLETHINNER.pdf: 959472 bytes, checksum: 846a31657e2b3bc0f8a0160375f940e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-03bitstream/item/170214/1/USE-OF-METAMITRON-AS-AN-APPLE-THINNER.pd