Observation Of Very High Energy Cosmic-ray Families In Emulsion Chambers At High Mountain Altitudes (i)

Characteristics of cosmic-ray hadronic interactions in the 1015 - 1017 eV range are studied by observing a total of 429 cosmic-ray families of visible energy greater than 100 TeV found in emulsion chamber experiments at high mountain altitudes, Chacaltaya (5200 m above sea level) and the Pamirs (4300 m above sea level). Extensive comparisons were made with simulated families based on models so far proposed, concentrating on the relation between the observed family flux and the behaviour of high-energy showers in the families, hadronic and electromagnetic components. It is concluded that there must be global change in characteristics of hadronic interactions at around 1016 eV deviating from thise known in the accelerator energy range, specially in the forwardmost angular region of the collision. 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Constraints of hadronic interaction models from the cosmic muon observations

A simple method of the vertical muon energy spectrum simulations has been suggested. These calculations have been carried out in terms of various models of hadronic interactions. The most energetic π±-mesons and K±-mesons produced in hadron interactions contribute mainly to this energy spectrum of muons due to the very steep energy spectrum of the primary particles. So, some constraints on the hadronic interaction models may be set from a comparison of calculated results with cosmic data on the vertical muon energy spectrum. This comparison showed that the most energetic secondary particles production is too high in the case of the QGSJET II-04 model and rather low in the case of the QGSJET II-03 model. These conclusion have been supported by the LHC data

Association of polymorphisms in the toll-like receptor genes with atopic dermatitis in the Republic of Bashkortostan

Atopic dermatitis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease and depends on the interaction between environmental factors and genetic predisposition. A considerable role in allergic disorders is played by polymorphisms of the genes of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize conserved standard molecular structures (patterns) unique to large pathogen groups. Polymorphisms of several PRR genes, including the genes of Toll-like receptors (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR9, and TLR10), NOD-like receptors (NOD1 and NOD2), and a lipopolysaccharide receptor (CD14) along with C11orf30 and LRRC32 from chromosome 11q13.5, were studied in atopic dermatitis patients and control subjects from Bashkortostan. TLR1 (rs5743571 and rs5743604), TLR6 (rs5743794), and TLR10 (rs11466617) polymorphisms were associated with atopic dermatitis. The results supported the idea that innate immunity and polymorphisms of the TLR2-family genes play a substantial role in atopic dermatitis