Efeito da restrição alimentar qualitativa no desempenho, na incidência de distúrbios metabólicos e no rendimento de carcaça em frangos de corte Qualitative feed restriction effects on growth performance, metabolic disorders and carcass traits of broiler chickens

Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar o desempenho, o controle da manifestação de doenças metabólicas e o rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte machos submetidos à restrição alimentar no período de 8 a 14 dias de idade. A restrição nutritiva da dieta foi obtida diluindo-se a dieta inicial (21,5% PB e 3050 kcal/kg EM) com 25 e 50% de casca de soja. Os tratamentos de restrição envolveram a oferta dessas dietas de forma contínua ou intercalada (com a dieta inicial não-diluída). Após o período de restrição, as aves retornaram ao consumo da ração inicial até os 21 dias de idade. No período seguinte, 22 a 35 dias de idade, as aves receberam ração de crescimento (21% PB e 3200 kcal/kg EM) e de 36 a 42 dias, ração final (19% PB e 3200 kcal/kg de EM). Após terem sido submetidas à restrição alimentar, as aves mostraram pesos corporais inferiores aos das aves do tratamento controle em todas as idades avaliadas. A diluição da dieta não influenciou a manifestação da síndrome ascítica ou morte súbita. Não houve diferença no rendimento de carcaça, peito e coxas. O conteúdo em gordura abdominal não mostrou diferenças consistentes entre tratamentos. Os tratamentos em que se utilizou a diluição com 50% de casca de soja apresentaram menor margem bruta. A estratégia nutricional, para reduzir as perdas por mortalidades de origem metabólica e o teor de gordura abdominal na carcaça foi acompanhada por perdas em termos de desempenho das aves.<br>This experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance, control of the of metabolic diseases incidence, and carcass yield of male broiler chickens allotted to a feed restriction from 8-14 days of age. The nutrient restriction was achieved by feeding a starter diet (21,5% CP and 3050 ME, kcal/kg) with 25 or 50% soybean hulls. The treatment of restriction involved the feeding of these diets either on continuously or intercalated form (with the non-diluted starter diet). After the restriction period, the birds returned to the regular starter diet up to 21 days of age. In the following period, from 22 to 35 days of age, the birds were fed a growing diet (21% CP - 3200 ME, kcal/kg) and from 36 to 42 days, a finishing diet (19% CP - 3200 ME, kcal/kg). After they have been submitted to the feed restriction, the birds showed lower body weights as compared to the control treatment for all ages. The diet dilution did not influence the incidence of ascites or sudden death syndromes. There were no differences on carcass breast or thigh yield. Abdominal fat content presented no consistent differences among treatment. The treatments with diet dilution of 50% of soybean hulls resulted on inferior gross margin. The nutritional strategy to reduce the losses by metabolic diseases and the abdominal carcass fat content was accomplished by losses on the performance of the birds

Impact of socioeconomic status on coronary mortality in people with symptoms, electrocardiographic abnormalities, both or neither: the original Whitehall study 25 year follow up

OBJECTIVES—To determine the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in people with and without prevalent CHD at baseline.
DESIGN—Cohort study with 25 year follow up; prevalent CHD was defined by Q, ST or T wave electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities or symptoms (defined by the Rose chest pain questionnaire and self reported doctor diagnosis) or both. SES was defined by four civil service employment grades.
SETTING—London.
PARTICIPANTS—17 907 male civil servants aged 40-69 years.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES—CHD mortality (n=2695 deaths).
RESULTS—The lowest versus highest employment grade was associated with increased CHD mortality (age adjusted hazard ratio 1.56 (95% CI 1.2, 2.1)), prevalence of symptoms and, among symptomatic participants only, the prevalence of Q, ST or T abnormalities. Thirty one per cent of CHD deaths occurred in participants with prevalent CHD at baseline. Among participants without Q, ST or T abnormality employment grade was associated with CHD mortality; the hazard ratios (lowest v highest grade) adjusted for age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 1.72 (95% CI 1.4, 2.1) for asymptomatic and 1.52 (95% CI 1.1, 2.1) for symptomatic participants; among participants with Q, ST or T abnormality the corresponding hazard ratios were 1.46 (95% CI 0.7, 2.9) and 1.14 (95% CI 0.6, 2.0) respectively.
CONCLUSIONS—SES was inversely associated with CHD mortality in civil servants with and without prevalent CHD at baseline. Further distinguishing the relative contribution of SES to the initiation and progression of CHD requires repeated measures studies of pre-clinical and clinical measures of CHD.


Keywords: socioeconomic status; coronary mortalit

Efeitos da temperatura e da umidade relativa sobre o desempenho e o rendimento de cortes nobres de frangos de corte de 1 a 49 dias de idade Effects of temperature and relative humidity on performance and yield of noble cuts of broilers from 1 to 49 days old

Foram utilizados 180 pintos machos de 1 dia de idade, da linhagem Ross (peso inicial 43,0 &plusmn; 0,2 g) para avaliação dos efeitos de diferentes ambientes sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça. As aves foram criadas no período de 1 a 49 dias de idade em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três ambientes (conforto térmico, calor seco e calor úmido), seis repetições por tratamento e dez aves por unidade experimental. As rações e a água foram fornecidas à vontade. O monitoramento da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar de cada ambiente foi feito por meio de termômetros de bulbo seco e de globo negro. Os valores obtidos foram convertidos em valor único - Índice de Temperatura de Globo e Umidade (ITGU), para caracterização do ambiente. As temperaturas que caracterizaram os ambientes de conforto, de calor seco e de calor úmido foram, respectivamente, 25,1 &plusmn; 2,99; 35,0 &plusmn; 0,14 e 31,2 &plusmn; 1,82ºC e as umidades relativas registradas nos ambientes de calor seco e calor úmido foram, respectivamente, de 40 e 75%. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar nos períodos de 1 a 21, 1 a 41 e 1 a 49 dias de idade. Ao final do experimento, as aves foram abatidas para avaliação dos pesos absolutos e do rendimento de carcaça e de cortes nobres (coxa, sobrecoxa e peito). O ambiente de calor influenciou negativamente o consumo de ração e o ganho de peso das aves em todos os períodos estudados, mas esse efeito foi mais acentuado nas aves mantidas em ambiente de calor úmido. O calor também influenciou negativamente os pesos absolutos de coxa, sobrecoxa e peito. Altas temperaturas prejudicam o desempenho e o rendimento de cortes nobres de frangos de corte de 1 a 49 dias de idade, de modo que esses efeitos são mais acentuados pelo aumento da umidade relativa do ar.<br>One hundred and eighty male Ross 1-d chicks averaging initial weight of 43.0 &plusmn; 0.2 g were used to evaluate the effects of different environments on performance and carcass characteristics. The experiment was analyzed as a completely randomized design with three environments (thermal comfort, dry heat and wet heat), six replicates of ten birds per experimental unity reared from 1 to 49 days old. Diets and water were fed ad libitum. The temperature and relative humidity control in each environment were measured by dry bulb and black globe thermometers. The values obtained were converted in a single value Black Globe Humidity and Temperature Index (BGHI) to characterize the environment. The temperatures that characterize the comfort, dry heat and wet heat were respectively: 25.1 &plusmn; 2.99, 35.0 &plusmn; 0.14, 31.2 &plusmn; 1.82ºC. The relative humidity recorded in dry and wet heat environments were respectively 40 and 75%. Feed intake, weight gain, feed:gain ratio in the periods from 1 to 21, 1 to 41 and 1 to 49 days of old were evaluated. In the end of the experiment, the birds were slaughtered for evaluation of absolute weights of noble cuts (thigh, drumstick and breast) and carcass yield. It was observed negative effect of heat environment on feed intake and weight gain in all periods and it was higher in birds on wet heat environment. Heat also influenced negatively absolute weights of thigh, drumstick and breast of birds. It was concluded that high temperatures impair the performance and yield of noble cuts of birds from 1 to 49 days old; in fact, these effects were higher with the greatest air relative humidity