VALIDATION OF WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM

Objective: Validation of water treatment systems is required to achieve water with all preferred quality attributes. This also delivers a circumstantial to establish a total control over the process which screens efficacy, safety, and ultimately, the process outcomes. The goal of steering validation is to establish that a process when operated within established limits, yields a product of reliable and definite quality with a high degree of assurance.Methods: The current work is an effort to deliberate several aspects of validation comprising different approaches, machineries of water purification systems, equipment qualifications, performance testing phases, microbial and chemical analysis of water samples, documentation, and post-validationmonitoring. Mainly the validation is done for new water plants in pharmaceutical industry.Results and Discussion: Sampling of water was carried out after each step in the purification process, and the results were found within limits.Conclusion: Water purification systems must be operated in the interior regulatory guidelines as with pharmaceutical manufacture facilities.Successful achievement of validation is confirmed by various testing phases. Usually, a three-phase testing approach is recommended over an extendedperiod to prove reliability and robustness of the system for producing water of specified quality with a high degree of assurance.Keywords: Validation, Water purification systems, Quality attributes,Pharmaceutical manufacture facilities, Microbial and chemical analysis

The effects of intrathecal midazolam on the duration of analgesia in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy

Background: Spinal anaesthesia is a common anaesthetic technique for lower limb surgery. Many adjuvants have been tried to prolong the duration of analgesia provided by local anaesthetics when administered intrathecally. Midazolam has been shown to prolong the duration of analgesia when used as an adjuvant, providing the added advantages of mild sedation and amnesia, while being devoid of neurotoxicity, and the adverse effects of opioids. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of 2 mg preservative-free intrathecal midazolam added to spinal bupivacaine during postoperative analgesia, and the incidence of adverse effects, if any, in patients undergoing knee arthroscopies. Method: Fifty consenting American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II patients of either gender (men = 19, women = 31), aged between 18-56 years, were randomly allocated to two groups (25 each). Group M received 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with preservative-free midazolam 2 mg intrathecally, and Group S received 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with saline intrathecally. Peak sensory level, total duration of analgesia, duration of motor blockade, pain score using the Visual Analogue Scale, and sedation score using the Observer Assessment Score of Sedation were assessed, along with vital parameters, namely heart rate and systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure. Results: The total duration of analgesia observed was significantly higher in Group M (399 ± 88.11 minutes) vs. Group S (301.60 ± 110.14 minutes), and the pain score was lower in Group M (33.6 ± 4.68 mm) vs. Group S (56.6 ± 8.64 mm). Conclusion: The addition of preservative-free midazolam 2 mg to intrathecal 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine prolongs the duration of analgesia without any observed adverse effects in patients undergoing knee arthroscopies.Keywords: intrathecal midazolam, spinal anaesthesi

You sound like a broken record: a practice led interrogation of the ontological resonances of vinyl record culture

This work offers a sustained critical reflection an original practice-­‐based exploration of the vinyl record called ‘You Sound Like a Broken Record’. It takes up the following research questions: What can personal narratives associated with vinyl records provide in terms of rethinking this icon of the music industry? It asks where the vinyl record may fit into the fluid and fragmentary narratives of musical listening? How does it interface with the other strands of narrative formation over the time of personal ownership, and can a creative intervention help to unpack this complexity? In doing so it interrogates the role of material props of aiding and managing personal identification through music. The research is located with the field of Sound Studies, and explores these questions in dialogue with the theoretical work of Adorno, Attali, (musical commodification), Barthes (authorship), Dillon (palimpsests), De Certeau, Levi-Strauss (resistance and bricolage), Kelly (cracked media), Deleuze (rhizomatic ontology) and Schloss (the art of sampling). The research is based upon ethnographic interviews with fourteen respondents who each donated one of their most treasured vinyl records. Their stories were next carved onto the surface of each record, creating a palimpsest, thereby producing fourteen unique sonic sculptural works. The final outcome is one vinyl record containing sound pieces that use the 'broken records' and the respondents’ narratives as their sonic material. Through the use of this methodology and its resulting practice, the thesis discusses the fragmentary voices that make up the narratives of their musical memories. In doing so, the thesis demonstrates that the vinyl record is a multivalent, interwoven, productive and fluid object. It critically sheds light on the record as a flexible partner to musical identification. The thesis together with the ‘recordworks’ provides valuable insight into the record as a cultural ‘hobo’ that holds a dialectical position as a symbol of cultural subversion, as a product of the music industry, and as a repository for both music and deeply held personal memory and emotions. In doing so, the work also highlights in an original way, how the record provides an opportunity for everyday resistance to canonical narratives and linear formations of musical listening and making practices

Commentary on World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains

The importance of trade to an economy needs no emphasis. You sell products or services that you are competitive at and buy those where you are not. Experience of countries such as South Korea and China demonstrate that resources required for development can be garnered through trade; thus, motivating many countries to embrace trade as a means for development. Simultaneously, emergence of 'Global Value Chain' or 'GVC' as they are popularly known has changed the way we trade. Though the concept of GVC was introduced in the early 2000s, there are examples of global value chains before the 1980s. However, the scale of the phenomenon and the way in which technological change, by lowering trade costs, has allowed fragmentation of production was not possible before (Hernandez et al., 2014). In this context, the World Bank has recently published its 'World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains' (WDR). The report prescribes that GVCs still offer developing countries a clear path to progress and that developing countries can achieve better outcomes by pursuing market-oriented reforms specific to their stage of development.Comment: This commentary is the outcome of a panel discussion held at CDS on January 17, 2020. We are grateful to Prof. Sunil Mani, Prof. Sudip Chaudhuri and other participants at the panel discussion for their comments which has benefited this commentary. We are solely responsible for any errors that remai

Impact of BCG vaccination on tuberculin surveys to estimate the annual risk of tuberculosis infection in south India

Background & objectives: Annual risk of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) computed from prevalence of infection measures the extent of tuberculosis transmission in the community and it is used to monitor the tuberculosis control programme. This is usually derived from tuberculin surveys among children not vaccinated with BCG. This study explores whether the estimated ARTI among BCG vaccinated children is comparable to that of unvaccinated children. Methods: Three tuberculin surveys were undertaken among children aged <10 yr as part of assessing the impact of DOTS implemented in Tiruvallur district, south India. The prevalence of infection was estimated using the anti-mode method among vaccinated and unvaccinated children. The ARTI was computed separately and compared in all the three surveys. Results: The prevalence of infection among unvaccinated and vaccinated children in the first survey were 7.8 per cent (95% CI: 7.1-8.6) and 7.9 per cent (95% CI: 7.1-8.8) respectively (ARTI was estimated to be 1.6 per cent in both groups) and the difference was not statistically significant. The corresponding figures for children test read in the second and third surveys were 6.9 per cent (95% CI: 6.2-7.6) and 6.8 per cent (6.0-7.5) and; 6.0 per cent (5.2-6.7) and 6.0 per cent (5.5-6.5) respectively. The computed ARTI was respectively 1.4 and 1.2 per cent among unvaccinated children in the second and third surveys; and 1.4 and 1.2 per cent among vaccinated children in the second and third rounds. Interpretation & conclusion: There was no difference in the infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis among vaccinated and unvaccinated children. BCG vaccinated children may thus be included for estimation of infection to assess the extent of transmission in the community as well as for monitoring purpose

General Analysis of Resonance Coupled Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) Using Inductive Coils

In this paper, parameter analysis of the inductive coils is evaluated for low power Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) applications. Inductive coils are the major element used in the WPT systems, in which different shaped coils are employed. The selection of coils is very critical, depends purely on the fundamental characteristics (shape and geometry) of the coils. In order to design a better system, three different shapes of coils, namely, circular, square and rectangular are designed and analysed. The vital parameters such as self-inductance, mutual inductance, quality factor, magnetic field and efficiency are evaluated for all three coils. It is observed that these parameters are maximal for circular as compared to the other two shapes. The circular coils produce higher voltage efficiency of 29% as compared to rectangular (25%) and square (23%) shaped coils. Thus, this paves a way to other researchers to suitably select circular inductive coils for wireless electricity applications

Analysis of mutual inductance and coupling factor of inductively coupled coils for wireless electricity

A basic analysis of inductive coils and its parameter calculations are presented. The simulations of mutual inductance, coupling factor calculations are demonstrated with graphical analysis. Three different lab-scale coil models such as square, circular and rectangular coils are wounded to evaluate the magnetic field by experiment, to validate the performance of Wireless Power System (WPT). In the open literature, circular coils are employed in most of the works, but few works have been reported in the parameter analysis. Further investigations on parameter exploration seems as a prerequisite for magnetic field measurement by estimating the parameters such as mutual inductance(M), coupling factor(k), magnetic flux(Φ) and magnetic field(B). It helps us to select the coils according to the applications. In this work, it is observed that circular performs well than other shaped coils in terms of parametrical analysis which are mentioned above. The simulation, and experimental results are tabulated as well as supported graphical plots are shown as proving circular coils performs well in the WPT scenario. Keywords: coupling factor, mutual inductance, magnetic field, inductive coils, wireless power transfer

Assessment of prevalence and risk factors of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in tertiary care hospital

Background: Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are two conditions in which high blood pressure essentially complicates pregnancy by causing oedema and/or albuminuria. The present study was undertaken among pregnant women to determine the prevalence of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia as well as to assess the association between risk factors and pre-eclampsia, risk factors and eclampsia and to determine the complications of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Method: A prospective observational study was conducted over a period of six months at obstetrics inpatient department of Basaveshwara Medical college and hospital, Chitradurga. Results: Total of 583 pregnant women who visited the inpatient department were enrolled, out of which study showed that the prevalence of pre-eclampsia was 91 (15.67%) and eclampsia was 54 (9.26%). A statistically varied significance level of p=0.00001 to 0.05 for risk factors such as age, primigravida, birth interval, pre-existing disease, placental abnormalities, multiple pregnancy, past history, proteinuria were found to be associated with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. The complications such as pre-term birth, neonatal death HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets), Foetal growth restriction were found. Out of which pre-term birth was the most observed complication in both pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Conclusions: Considering the significant association between the risk factors and pre-eclampsia, eclampsia from the study we conclude that early diagnosis is essential. Lack of antenatal care, limited access to medical facility and lack of resources have influenced in late diagnosis in our set up. As evidenced by study proper awareness should be provided to the pregnant women