Restoration of deteriorated text sections in ancient document images using atri-level semi-adaptive thresholding technique

The proposed research aims to restore deteriorated text sections that are affected by stain markings, ink seepages and document ageing in ancient document photographs, as these challenges confront document enhancement. A tri-level semi-adaptive thresholding technique is developed in this paper to overcome the issues. The primary focus, however, is on removing deteriorations that obscure text sections. The proposed algorithm includes three levels of degradation removal as well as pre- and post-enhancement processes. In level-wise degradation removal, a global thresholding approach is used, whereas, pseudo-colouring uses local thresholding procedures. Experiments on palm leaf and DIBCO document photos reveal a decent performance in removing ink/oil stains whilst retaining obscured text sections. In DIBCO and palm leaf datasets, our system also showed its efficacy in removing common deteriorations such as uneven illumination, show throughs, discolouration and writing marks. The proposed technique directly correlates to other thresholding-based benchmark techniques producing average F-measure and precision of 65.73 and 93% towards DIBCO datasets and 55.24 and 94% towards palm leaf datasets. Subjective analysis shows the robustness of proposed model towards the removal of stains degradations with a qualitative score of 3 towards 45% of samples indicating degradation removal with fairly readable text

An approach for the development of animal tracking system

In this article, the authors propose a system which can identify and track animals. Identification and tracking of animals has got plenty of applications like, avoiding dangerous animal intrusion into residential areas, avoiding animal-vehicle collisions, and behavioral study of animals and so on. Previously, biologists studied videos to detect and identify animals, a time consuming and difficult task. This requires a fully automatic or computer-assisted system to identify and track animals by video. Initially, frames are extracted from the given video. Segmentation is done to the extracted frames using a maximum similarity-based region merging algorithm. Then, the mean shift-based algorithm is used to track the animals. Finally, the animals are classified using Gabor features and a KNN classifier. Experimentation has been conducted on a data set containing more than 150 videos with 15 different classes

An accurate and efficient skew estimation technique for South Indian documents: a new boundary growing and nearest neighbor clustering based approach

Skew angle estimation is essential to enhance the accuracy of optical character recognition (OCR) system. In this paper we present a new boundary growing (BG) and nearest neighbor clustering (NNC)to estimate accurate skew angle for the scanned documents. The BG extracts the boundary characters present in each text line of the document and extracts uppermost, lowermost and centroid coordinates of character components of the scanned document image. The NNC helps us in clustering the characters which is presented due to additional modifiers-characters that are usually present in the South Indian scripts. The extracted coordinates are subjected to moments to estimate skew angle of the document image. Several experiments have been conducted on various types of documents such as documents containing South Indian scripts, English documents, journals, textbook, text with picture, text with tables, text with graphs, different languages, noisy images and document with different fonts, documents with different resolutions, to reveal the robustness of the proposed method. The experimental results revealed that the proposed method is accurate compared to the results of well-known existing methods

Multilingual OCR system for South Indian scripts and English documents: An approach based on Fourier transform and principal component analysis

Character recognition lies at the core of the discipline of pattern recognition where the aim is to represent a sequence of characters taken from an alphabet Kasturi, R., Gorman, L.O., Govindaraju, V., 2002. Document image analysis: a primer. Sadhana 27 (Part 1), 3–22. Though many kinds of features have been developed and their test performances on standard database have been reported, there is still room to improve the recognition rate by developing improved features. In this paper, we present a multilingual character recognition system for printed South Indian scripts (Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam) and English documents. South Indian languages are most popular languages in India and around the world. The proposed multilingual character recognition is based on Fourier transform and principal component analysis (PCA), which are two commonly used techniques of image processing and recognition. PCA and Fourier transforms are classical feature extraction and data representation techniques widely used in the area of pattern recognition and computer vision. Our experimental results show the good performance over the data sets considered

Crystal structures of type IIIH NAD-dependent D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from two thermophiles

In the l-Serine biosynthesis, D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH) catalyzes the inter-conversion of D-3-phosphoglycerate to phosphohydroxypyruvate. PGDH belongs to 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases family. We have determined the crystal structures of PGDH from Sulfolobus tokodaii (StPGDH) and Pyrococcus horikoshii (PhPGDH) using X-ray diffraction to resolution of 1.77 à and 1.95 à , respectively. The PGDH protomer from both species exhibits identical structures, consisting of substrate binding domain and nucleotide binding domain. The residues and water molecules interacting with the NAD are identified. The catalytic triad residues Glu-His-Arg are highly conserved. The residues involved in the dimer interface and the structural features responsible for thermostability are evaluated. Overall, structures of PGDHs with two domains and histidine at the active site are categorized as type IIIH and such PGDHs structures having this type are reported for the first time. © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Crystal structures of type IIIH NAD-dependent D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from two thermophiles

In the l-Serine biosynthesis, D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH) catalyzes the inter-conversion of D-3-phosphoglycerate to phosphohydroxypyruvate. PGDH belongs to 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases family. We have determined the crystal structures of PGDH from Sulfolobus tokodaii (StPGDH) and Pyrococcus horikoshii (PhPGDH) using X-ray diffraction to resolution of 1.77 à and 1.95 à , respectively. The PGDH protomer from both species exhibits identical structures, consisting of substrate binding domain and nucleotide binding domain. The residues and water molecules interacting with the NAD are identified. The catalytic triad residues Glu-His-Arg are highly conserved. The residues involved in the dimer interface and the structural features responsible for thermostability are evaluated. Overall, structures of PGDHs with two domains and histidine at the active site are categorized as type IIIH and such PGDHs structures having this type are reported for the first time. © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Temperature dependence on the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of natural jasper from Taroko Gorge (Taiwan)

Structural properties of natural jasper from Taroko Gorge (Taiwan) have been investigated by means of powder X-ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques. The EPR spectrum at room temperature exhibits a sharp resonance signal at g = 2.007 and two more resonance signals centered at g a parts per thousand 4.3 and 14.0. The resonance signal at g = 2.007 has been attributed to the E' center and is related to a natural radiation-induced paramagnetic defect. Two more resonance signals centered at g a parts per thousand 4.3 and 14.0 are characteristic of Fe(3+) ions. The EPR spectra recorded at room temperature of jasper samples, heat-treated at temperatures ranging from 473 to 1,473 K exhibit marked temperature dependence. The resonance signal corresponding to E' center disappears at elevated temperatures. A broad, intense resonance signal centered at g a parts per thousand 2.0 appears at elevated temperatures. This resonance signal is a characteristic of Fe(3+) ions, which are present as hematite in the jasper sample. The intensity of the resonance signal becomes dominant at elevated temperatures at a parts per thousand yen873 K, masking g a parts per thousand 4.3 and g a parts per thousand 14.0 resonance signals. The EPR spectra of jasper heat-treated at 673 K have been recorded at temperatures between 123 and 296 K. The population of spin levels (N) has been calculated for the broad g a parts per thousand 2.0 resonance signal. It is found that N decreases with decreasing temperature. The linewidth (Delta H) of g a parts per thousand 2.0 resonance signal of the heat-treated jasper is found to increase with decreasing temperature. This has been attributed to spin-spin interaction of the Fe(3+) ions present in the form of hematite in the studied jasper sample

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