Antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a retrospective study of drug utilization pattern in outpatient department of psychiatry at a tertiary care hospital

Background: Psychiatric disorders are one of the major causes of morbidity and the burden of illness is enormous and remains grossly under represented. Psychotropic drugs have had a remarkable impact in psychiatric practice. Currently a large number of atypical antipsychotics available in the market are endorsed as better options for treating schizophrenia than the typical antipsychotics. The main objective of the study was to find the commonly prescribed antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients in a tertiary care center.Methods: After Institutional Ethics Committee approval, a retrospective cross-sectional drug utilization study of 400 prescriptions was under taken from 1st July 2015 to 30th July 2016 in the outpatient department of psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital. The prescribing pattern of antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients (N=107) was measured.Results: Out of 400 cases in the outpatient department, schizophrenia cases were predominant (N=107 i.e. 27%) out of which 42.1% were females and 57.9% were males. This was followed by mood disorders and neurotic & somatoform disorders. The most common antipsychotic used was olanzapine followed by risperidone. Least commonly used antipsychotic was haloperidol. Most of the patients who received risperidone also received an anticholinergic trihexyphenidyl (91.8%).Conclusions: Olanzapine and risperidone are the most commonly used antipsychotics. Anticholinergics should be used only in selected patients on antipsychotics as tolerance develops to extrapyramidal side effects. Anticholinergics are unnecessary after 3-6 months in all except 10% of patients. Moreover, it has its own side effects and adversely interacts with antipsychotics

Simulations of silicon nanowire sensor and an integrated smart bio-nano sensor

Background: Simulation-based nano biosensors have been introduced in recent times that will provide a model for the researchers to verify various critical functions of them, which could effectively save time, money, and effort. Materials and Methods: In this study, we have performed simulations of a silicon nanowire (Si-NW) biosensor, and its various parameters were evaluated. This silicon sensor was designed using the BiosensorLab tool, a simulator from the nanohub website. This paper also presented an Integrated Smart Bio-nano Sensor. The motivation behind this smart sensor was that an incident happened in one of the southern states of India, in the year 2020; the leakage of styrene gas (C8H8) from the Polymers industry caused 12 deaths and several people hospitalized. Most people died after they inhaled styrene gas because they thought the pungent smell (of styrene gas) was also part of their kitchen’s emissions. This incident prompted us to propose an Integrated Smart Bio-nano Sensor. Results: The proposed sensor was capable of classifying the origin of sources of emissions dynamically (smart), even under lower concentrations of gas levels (25 ppm) and could alert the habitants in case of untoward danger. Conclusions: After verifying settling time vs. analyte concentration, the density of captured target molecules concentration with time vs. time, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the biosensor in the presence of parasitic molecules vs. receptor density, it was concluded that these three parameters have helped in identifying the characteristics of the proposed bio-nano sensor

Influence of lattice distortion on the Curie temperature and spin-phonon coupling in LaMn0.5_{0.5}Co0.5_{0.5}O3_{3}

Two distinct ferromagnetic phases of LaMn$_{0.5}$Co$_{0.5}$O$_{3}$ having monoclinic structure with distinct physical properties have been studied. The ferromagnetic ordering temperature $\textit{T}_{c}$ is found to be different for both the phases. The origin of such contrasting characteristics is assigned to the changes in the distance(s) and angle(s) between Mn - O - Co resulting from distortions observed from neutron diffraction studies. Investigations on the temperature dependent Raman spectroscopy provide evidence for such structural characteristics, which affects the exchange interaction. The difference in B-site ordering which is evident from the neutron diffraction is also responsible for the difference in $\textit{T}_{c}$. Raman scattering suggests the presence of spin-phonon coupling for both the phases around the $\textit{T}_{c}$. Electrical transport properties of both the phases have been investigated based on the lattice distortion.Comment: 9 figure

Synthesis of novel ciprofloxacin analogues and evaluation of their anti-proliferative effect on human cancer cell lines

A series of twenty two novel 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(4-substituted piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid analogues have been synthesized, characterized (1H NMR, 13C NMR and LCMS) and evaluated for their inhibitory activity on the proliferation of human caucasian acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM), breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-468) and human colon carcinoma cells (HCT-116). Among all the synthesized ciprofloxacin analogues 3t at 50 μM showed comparable potency to doxorubicin (10 μM) in all three cell lines and 3j inhibited proliferation of MDA-MB-468 up to 35% selectively over other two cell lines. [Refer to PDF for graphical abstract

Assessment of Marine Weather forecasts over the Indian Sector of Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean (SO) is one of the important regions where significant processes and feedbacks of the Earth\u27s climate take place. Expeditions to the SO provide useful data for improving global weather/climate simulations and understanding many processes. Some of the uncertainties in these weather/climate models arise during the first few days of simulation/forecast and do not grow much further. NCMRWF issued real-time five day weather forecasts of mean sea level pressure, surface winds, winds at 500 hPa & 850 hPa and rainfall, daily to NCAOR to provide guidance for their expedition to Indian sector of SO during the austral summer of 2014–2015. Evaluation of the skill of these forecasts indicates possible error growth in the atmospheric model at shorter time scales. The error growth is assessed using the model analysis/reanalysis, satellite data and observations made during the expedition. The observed variability of sub-seasonal rainfall associated with mid-latitude systems is seen to exhibit eastward propagations and are well reproduced in the model forecasts. All cyclonic disturbances including the sub-polar lows and tropical cyclones that occurred during this period were well captured in the model forecasts. Overall, this model performs reasonably well over the Indian sector of the SO in medium range time scale

Synthesis, crystal structure, thermal analysis and molecular interactions of bis(3,5-dimethyl-3H-1,2,4-triazole)octamolybdate

This paper describes the synthesis of {bis(3,5-dimethyl-3H-1,2,4-triazole)octamolybdate}(2:1) molecule by mixing bis(acetylacetonato)dioxo molybdenum(VI) and 3-(E)-{1-(furan-2-yl)ethylidene)amino]-1-phenylurea. The structure of the molecule was determined by using single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. Structure determination reveals that the title complex Mo8O26.2(C4H9N3) contains two moieties namely an octamolybdate [Mo8O26] complex, and 3,5-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazole [2(C4H9N3)] in the unit cell. The [Mo8O26] unit consists of two {Mo4O13} subunits linked together by bridging oxygen atoms with an approximate C2h symmetry under Triclinic system, P space group with lattice parameters a = 10.1007(2), b = 10.3887(2), c = 13.0380(3) Å, α = 66.921(3) β = 69.466(3) γ = 62.892(2)°. The octamolybdate units are linked by methylmethanamine as chains via N-H…O interactions. The 1H-1H COSY NMR recorded in DMSO-d6 spectral data indicates the absence of the coupling between the protons. The thermal analysis indicates that the complex is thermally stable. The Hirshfeld surface of the compound mapped with dnorm (-1.0 a.u. to 1.0 a.u.) and the deep red spot on the Hirshfeld surface depicts the formation of strong N-H···O hydrogen bond

Synthesis, crystal structure, thermal analysis and molecular interactions of bis(3,5-dimethyl-3H-1,2,4-triazole)octamolybdate

669-675This paper describes the synthesis of {bis(3,5-dimethyl-3H-1,2,4-triazole)octamolybdate}(2:1) molecule by mixing bis(acetylacetonato)dioxo molybdenum(VI) and 3-(E)-{1-(furan-2-yl)ethylidene)amino]-1-phenylurea. The structure of the molecule was determined by using single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. Structure determination reveals that the title complex Mo8O26.2(C4H9N3) contains two moieties namely an octamolybdate [Mo8O26] complex, and 3,5-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazole [2(C4H9N3)] in the unit cell. The [Mo8O26] unit consists of two {Mo4O13} subunits linked together by bridging oxygen atoms with an approximate C2h symmetry under Triclinic system, P  space group with lattice parameters a = 10.1007(2), b = 10.3887(2), c = 13.0380(3) Å, α = 66.921(3) β = 69.466(3) γ = 62.892(2)°. The octamolybdate units are linked by methylmethanamine as chains via N-H…O interactions. The 1H-1H COSY NMR recorded in DMSO-d6 spectral data indicates the absence of the coupling between the protons. The thermal analysis indicates that the complex is thermally stable. The Hirshfeld surface of the compound mapped with dnorm (-1.0 a.u. to 1.0 a.u.) and the deep red spot on the Hirshfeld surface depicts the formation of strong N-H···O hydrogen bond