Gender Pay Gaps in the Former Soviet Union: A Review of the Evidence

The goal of this paper is to examine the patterns and movements of the gender pay gaps in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and to place them in the context of advanced economies. We survey over 30 publications and conduct a meta-analysis of this literature. Gender pay gaps in the region are considerable and above the levels observed in advanced economies. Similar to advanced economies, industrial and occupational segregation widens the gaps in the FSU countries, whereas gender differences in educational attainment tend to shrink them. However, a much higher proportion of the gaps remain unexplained, pointing toward the role of unobserved gender differences related to actual and perceived productivity. Over the last 25 years, the gaps contracted in most FSU countries, primarily due to the reduction in the unexplained portion. Underlying the contraction at the mean are different movements in the gap across the pay distribution. Although the glass-ceiling effect has diminished in some FSU countries, it has persisted in others. We investigate the reasons underlying these findings and argue that the developments in the FSU region shed new light on our understanding of the gender pay gaps

ОПЫТ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ РИТУКСИМАБА У БОЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМНЫМ ЮВЕНИЛЬНЫМ ИДИОПАТИЧЕСКИМ АРТРИТОМ

The article presents a case of early onset and severe systemic form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis refractory to classical immunosuppressive therapy, including pulse therapy with methotrexate and combined therapy with methotrexate and cyclosporine. There is described the successful use of chimeric antibodies to CD20 on B lymphocytes — Rituximab — a dose of 375 mg/m2 of body surface in the form of intravenous infusions of 1 time per week for 4 weeks. The child has got one course of treatment with rituximab. By the 12th week of treatment the extraarticular disease manifestations and acute inflammatory changes in the joints stopped, the range of motion in affected joints significantly increased. 22 weeks later the drug induced the development of clinical and laboratory remission, the duration of which is 2.5 years.В статье представлен случай раннего дебюта и тяжелого течения системного варианта ювенильного идиопатического артрита, рефрактерного к терапии классическими иммунодепрессантами, включая пульс-терапию метотрексатом и комбинированное лечение метотрексатом и циклоспорином. Описано успешное применение химерных антител к CD20 на В лимфоцитах — ритуксимаба — в дозе 375 мг/м2 поверхности тела в виде внутривенных инфузий 1 раз в нед в течение 4 нед. У ребенка был проведен 1 курс лечения ритуксимабом. К 12-й нед от начала лечения купировались экстраартикулярные проявления болезни и островоспалительные изменения в суставах, значительно нарос объем движений в пораженных суставах. Через 22 нед препарат индуцировал развитие клинико-лабораторной ремиссии, длительность которой составляет 2,5 года.

Restaurant Market in Kazakhstan: A Portrait in Comparison with the US Market

Market for restaurant services is one of the leading providers in terms of employment, scope of provided services and impact on the quality of life. At the same time, it remains as one of the closed and unexplored markets in terms of analysis of its problems and emerging trends. The aim of this article is a comprehensive analysis of industries in Kazakhstan by comparing it to the US market of restaurant industry. Furthermore, to improve management efficiency in restaurants, a research was conducted on behavioral differences of customers and level of management in restaurant industry, giving few recommendations on the use of management models