Channel encoding system for transmitting image over wireless network

Various encoding schemes have been introduced till date focusing on an effective image transmission scheme in presence of error-prone artifacts in wireless communication channel. Review of existing schemes of channel encoding systems infer that they are mostly inclined on compression scheme and less over problems of superior retention of signal retention as they lacks an essential consideration of network states. Therefore, the proposed manuscript introduces a cost effective lossless encoding scheme which ensures resilient transmission of different forms of images. Adopting an analytical research methodology, the modeling has been carried out to ensure that a novel series of encoding operation be performed over an image followed by an effective indexing mechanism. The study outcome confirms that proposed system outshines existing encoding schemes in every respect

Treatment of subtrochanteric fracture femur by open reduction and internal fixation by long proximal femoral nailing

Background: Subtrochanteric fractures are devasting injuries that most commonly affect the elderly population and also in young.Methods: This is a prospective study of 20 cases of subtrochanteric fracture admitted to KIMS, Huballi between November 2008 to August 2010 treated with left proximal femoral nail (LPFN) by open method. Cases were taken according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, i.e., fresh subtrochanteric fracture in adults. Pathologic fractures, multiple fractures, fractures in children, old neglected fractures were excluded from the study. Objectives of this study were to study subtrochanteric fractures and to determine effectiveness of LPFN in tretment of subtrochanteric fractures by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF).Results: In our study of 20 cases, there were 16 male and 4 female patients with age ranging from 17 years to 75 years with most patients in between 21-40 years. 65% of the cases admitted were road traffic accidents, 25% due to fall from height and 10% due to trivial fall with right side being more common side affected. Russell and Taylor type IA fracture accounted for 40% of cases. Mean duration of hospital stay was 24 days and mean time of full weight bearing was 14 weeks in our patients. Good to excellent results were seen in 85% of cases in our study.Conclusions: Subtrochanteric fractures of femur can be successfully treated by ORIF by LPFN resulting in proper anatomical reduction and hence alignment and high rate of bone union

Pattern of Injuries among Two or Four Wheeler Occupants in Fatal Road Traffic Injuries

Background: Every day, we read, listen, or witness, injuries in our day to day lives. Over time, it has moved from 5th to 3rd to 1st page of our newspapers. Some days, it is not uncommon to see the entire page of our newspaper filled with news about injury and violence. On television channels, even on prime time, injury and violence has occupied the center stage. Many times, the ‘breaking news’ is only deaths due to road crashes, suicides, mass burns and blood loaded violence. The present study is aimed at analyzing the various types of injuries that occur in road traffic injuries and to take necessary actions by the concerned authority to prevent such incidents in the future.Methods: In this study, we studied the various patterns of injuries sustained by the occupants of two/four wheeler during fatal road traffic injuries. A total number of 238 cases (those who died in road traffic injuries) were included in the study for a period of 2 years from October 2010 to September 2012 in Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru.Results: Among the cases studied in our study (n=238), majority of the victims were males constituting 94% of the cases and in age-wise distribution of cases, age group of 21-30 years (46.2%) followed by 31-40 years (21.4%) constitutes to about 2/3rd of the cases. Time of injury among the cases studied showed that highest incidence being during the night times (18:01-00:00) which constitutes 44.11%. Among the road user category, two wheeler riders (78.15%) formed the major contributors for road traffic injury.Conclusion: In the present study, it is very clear that the middle aged, male bike riders are more prone for fatal road traffic injuries. Hence, Government should take proper initiatives in the future to focus on these high risk individuals to prevent such fatalities.

Practice and Perception of First Aid Among Lay First Responders in a Southern District of India

Background: Injuries rank among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and are steadily increasing in developing countries like India. However, it is often possible to minimize injury and crash consequences by providing effective pre-hospital services promptly. In most low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), transportation of road traffic victims, is usually provided by relatives, taxi drivers, truck drivers, police officers and other motorists who are often untrained. Objective: The current study was conducted to understand the current practice and perception of first aid among lay first responders in a rural southern district of India. Materials and Methods: The current cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in the southern district of Tumkur in India within three months from January to March 2011 and covered the population including all police, ambulance personnel, taxi drivers, bus and auto drivers, and primary and middle school teachers within the study area. Results: Nearly 60% of the responders had witnessed more than two emergencies in the previous six months and 55% had actively participated in helping the injured person. The nature of the help was mainly by calling for an ambulance (41.5%), transporting the injured (19.7%) and consoling the victim (14.9%). Majority (78.1%) of the responders informed that they had run to the victim (42.4%) or had called for an ambulance. The predominant reason for not providing help was often the ‘fear of legal complications’ (30%) that would follow later. Significant number (81.4%) of respondents reported that they did not have adequate skills to manage an emergency and were willing to acquire knowledge and skills in first aid to help victims. Conclusions: Regular and periodical community-based first aid training programs for first care responders will help to provide care and improve outcomes for injured persons

Microstructure Characterization, Mechanical and Wear Behavior of Silicon Carbide and Neem Leaf Powder Reinforced AL7075 Alloy hybrid MMC’s.

The demanding material quality criteria in the automotive and aerospace industries have recently had an impact on the development of lightweight aluminium alloys. The choice and application of metal-matrix composites as structural materials in this context are known to offer a variety of benefits. These benefits include the ability to combine high elastic modulus, toughness, and impact resistance; minimum sensitivity to change in temperature or thermal shock; durability of the surface is good; moisture absorption leads to the potential issue while minimum exposure which leads to environmental degradation; and improved fabricability with conventional metalworking equipment. Aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs) are a potential material for advanced structural, aviation, aerospace, marine, and defence applications, as well as for the automotive sector and other related fields, due to their outstanding combination of qualities. The stir casting procedure is used to create an aluminium metal matrix composite (AMMC), which is the most efficient way to do so. In this study, the aluminium alloy 7075 is strengthened using neem leaf powder and SiC. The Vickers hardness examination method is used to govern the hardness of hybrid composites. Eventually, the mechanical and tribological properties of the composites were assessed, and their relationship to the composites' matching microstructure and wear was addressed.   &nbsp

BUCCAL MUCOADHESIVE FILMS

The buccal route of administration has many advantages, including gastrointestinal bypass surgery and first pass through the liver. The mucoadhesive membrane is a retention dosage form that can release the drug directly into the biological matrix. Cheek technology has proven to be an advanced alternative to other traditional devices. The type of drug delivery system. This is a mature technology for systemic administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients [API]. In addition, due to their small size and thinness, these films improve patient compliance. Over the past decade, because it is a promising delivery alternative for multiple therapeutic categories, including peptides, vaccines and nanoparticles. Mucosal adhesions are currently explained by six theories: electronics, adsorption, wettability, diffusion, degradation and mechanics. Various in vitro and in vivo techniques are suggested. Study its mechanism. This study includes an overview of the mechanisms and theories of mucosal adhesion, and introduces the most commonly used methods. The "film casting method" involves casting an aqueous solution and/or organic solvent to produce a film suitable for the application route. The determination of key properties such as mucosal adhesion strength, uniformity of active ingredient content and permeability are important research areas in the field of buccal membrane design

ENTREPRENUERSHIP AND INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS WITH REFERENCE TO INDIAN CONTEXT

ABSTRACT:Industrial Clusters have become the focus of the public debate, economic policy and academic research. Clusters can be defined as sectoral and geographical concentration of enterprises, in particular Small and Medium Enterprises (SME), faced with common opportunities and threats which can: a) give rise to external economies (e.g. specialized suppliers of raw materials, components and machinery; sector specific skills etc.); b) favor the emergence of specialized technical, administrative and financial services; c) create a conducive ground for the development of inter firm cooperation and specialization as well as of cooperation among public and private local institutions to promote local production, innovation and collective learning. This Paper brings outs the Concept of Industrial Clusters. Its role in Economic Development. Characteristics of Industrial Clusters, the relationship between Entrepreneurship and Industrial Clusters, Problems faced by Industrial Clusters.