48,109 research outputs found
Method for sequentially processing a multi-level interconnect circuit in a vacuum chamber
An apparatus is disclosed which includes a vacuum system having a vacuum chamber in which wafers are processed on rotating turntables. The vacuum chamber is provided with an RF sputtering system and a dc magnetron sputtering system. A gas inlet introduces various gases to the vacuum chamber and creates various gas plasma during the sputtering steps. The rotating turntables insure that the respective wafers are present under the sputtering guns for an average amount of time such that consistency in sputtering and deposition is achieved. By continuous and sequential processing of the wafers in a common vacuum chamber without removal, the adverse affects of exposure to atmospheric conditions are eliminated providing higher quality circuit contacts and functional device
All fiber polarization insensitive detection for spectrometer based optical coherence tomography using optical switch
Polarization dependent image artifacts are common in optical coherence tomography imaging. Polarization insensitive detection scheme for swept source based optical coherence tomography systems is well established but is yet to be demonstrated for all fiber spectrometer-based Fourier domain optical coherence tomography systems. In this work, we present an all fiber polarization insensitive detection scheme for spectrometer based optical coherence tomography systems. Images from chicken breast muscle tissue were acquired to demonstrate the effectiveness of this scheme for the conventional Fourier domain optical coherence tomography system
Groundwater research and management: integrating science into management decisions. Proceedings of IWMI-ITP-NIH International Workshop on "Creating Synergy Between Groundwater Research and Management in South and Southeast Asia," Roorkee, India, 8-9 February 2005
Groundwater management / Governance / Groundwater development / Artificial recharge / Water quality / Aquifers / Groundwater irrigation / Water balance / Simulation models / Watershed management / Water harvesting / Decision making / South East Asia / Bangladesh / China / India / Nepal / Pakistan / Syria
Some aspects of the deformation of a Neo- Hookean material in compression Interim report
Deformation of neo-Hookean material during uniaxial compressio
Method for sequentially processing a multi-level interconnect circuit in a vacuum chamber
The processing of wafer devices to form multilevel interconnects for microelectronic circuits is described. The method is directed to performing the sequential steps of etching the via, removing the photo resist pattern, back sputtering the entire wafer surface and depositing the next layer of interconnect material under common vacuum conditions without exposure to atmospheric conditions. Apparatus for performing the method includes a vacuum system having a vacuum chamber in which wafers are processed on rotating turntables. The vacuum chamber is provided with an RF sputtering system and a DC magnetron sputtering system. A gas inlet is provided in the chamber for the introduction of various gases to the vacuum chamber and the creation of various gas plasma during the sputtering steps
ERTS-1 observations of sea surface circulation and sediment transport, Cook Inlet, Alaska
Cook Inlet is a large tide-dominated estuary in southern Alaska. Highly turbid streams enter the upper inlet, providing an excellent tracer for circulation in the lower inlet. MSS 4 and 5 images both can be used in this area to plot sediment and pollutant trajectories, areas of (probable) commercial fish concentration, and the entire circulation regime
Electrophoretic deposition of plasmonic nanocomposite for the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells
TiO2-Ag nanocomposites have been prepared by hydrothermal process for the preparation of photoelectrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. The formation of TiO2-Ag nanocomposites have been confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The TEM images confirm that silver nanoparticles of average size 30 nm are dispersed inside the TiO2 matrix. Electrophoretic deposition technique (EPD) is successfully utilized to incorporate TiO2-Ag nanocomposites in commercially available TiO2 nanoparticle to prepare photoelectrode on transparent oxide substrate. Incorporation of TiO2-Ag nanocomposites by EPD technique has been done in different ways: in all the layers of TiO2 photoelectrode and in only the top layer of TiO2 photoelectrode. X-ray diffraction, field effect scanning electron microscopy in back scattered mode and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy study confirm the presence of TiO2-Ag nanostructure in prepared photoelectrode. The current-voltage characteristic shows 78% and 67% enhancement of photocurrent and power conversion efficiency (PCE) respectively in the DSSC with Ag incorporated photoelectrode compared to the cell without Ag nanoparticles and maximum PCE obtained in DSSC with TiO2-Ag is 7.5%
Turbulence and Mixing in the Intracluster Medium
The intracluster medium (ICM) is stably stratified in the hydrodynamic sense
with the entropy increasing outwards. However, thermal conduction along
magnetic field lines fundamentally changes the stability of the ICM, leading to
the "heat-flux buoyancy instability" when and the "magnetothermal
instability" when . The ICM is thus buoyantly unstable regardless of
the signs of and . On the other hand, these
temperature-gradient-driven instabilities saturate by reorienting the magnetic
field (perpendicular to when and parallel to when ), without generating sustained convection. We show that
after an anisotropically conducting plasma reaches this nonlinearly stable
magnetic configuration, it experiences a buoyant restoring force that resists
further distortions of the magnetic field. This restoring force is analogous to
the buoyant restoring force experienced by a stably stratified adiabatic
plasma. We argue that in order for a driving mechanism (e.g, galaxy motions or
cosmic-ray buoyancy) to overcome this restoring force and generate turbulence
in the ICM, the strength of the driving must exceed a threshold, corresponding
to turbulent velocities . For weaker driving, the ICM
remains in its nonlinearly stable magnetic configuration, and turbulent mixing
is effectively absent. We discuss the implications of these findings for the
turbulent diffusion of metals and heat in the ICM.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figs., submitted to the conference proceedings of "The
Monster's Fiery Breath;" a follow up of arXiv:0901.4786 focusing on the
general mixing properties of the IC
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