Agricultural Cooperatives and Unions of Cooperatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Opportunities for Improvement

Given the breakup of Yugoslavia and the ensuing war, there has been massive changes in the agricultural structure in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In particular, the remade cooperatives and the unions of cooperatives that are supposed to serve them are struggling. This paper examines the needs of the agricultural cooperatives to be more successful and identifies what support will likely come from the unions of cooperatives and what must come from other sources. Data was obtained in three ways: 1) questionnaires to a large group of cooperatives, 2) focus groups with a smaller number of cooperatives, and 3) personal interviews with union of cooperatives representatives. The findings indicated that the unions of cooperatives are working on institutional issues such as registering and auditing cooperatives, and resolving land ownership conflicts. However, since the cooperatives are not familiar with the market economy, they also need help in business management, marketing, legal services, and organizational effectiveness. It is not likely that the unions will be able to help the cooperatives with these issues. New partners such as the Ministry of Agriculture, colleges of agriculture, or non-governmental organizations should be tasked with providing this educational support.Bosnia and Herzegovina, agricultural cooperatives, union of agricultural cooperatives, agricultural development, Agribusiness,

Lie algebraic noncommuting structures from reparametrisation symmetry

We extend our earlier work of revealing both space-space and space-time noncommuting structures in various models in particle mechanics exhibiting reparametrisation symmetry. We show explicitly (in contrast to the earlier results in our paper \cite{sg}) that for some special choices of the reparametrisation parameter $\epsilon$, one can obtain space-space noncommuting structures which are Lie-algebraic in form even in the case of the relativistic free particle. The connection of these structures with the existing models in the literature is also briefly discussed. Further, there exists some values of $\epsilon$ for which the noncommutativity in the space-space sector can be made to vanish. As a matter of internal consistency of our approach, we also study the angular momentum algebra in details.Comment: 9 pages Latex, some references adde

The preparation of ultra fine beryllium powder by the amalgam process Technical report

Beryllium powder production by electrolysis of beryllium chloride-sodium chloride molten eutectic mixtur

Derivation of reduced two-dimensional fluid models via Dirac's theory of constrained Hamiltonian systems

We present a Hamiltonian derivation of a class of reduced plasma two-dimensional fluid models, an example being the Charney-Hasegawa-Mima equation. These models are obtained from the same parent Hamiltonian model, which consists of the ion momentum equation coupled to the continuity equation, by imposing dynamical constraints. It is shown that the Poisson bracket associated with these reduced models is the Dirac bracket obtained from the Poisson bracket of the parent model

Next-to-leading order Calculation of a Fragmentation Function in a Light-Cone Gauge

The short-distance coefficients for the color-octet ^3S_1 term in the fragmentation function for a gluon to split into polarized heavy quarkonium states are re-calculated to order alpha_s^2. The light-cone gauge remarkably simplifies the calculation by eliminating many Feynman diagrams at the expense of introducing spurious poles in loop integrals. We do not use any conventional prescriptions for spurious pole. Instead, we only use gauge invariance with the aid of Collins-Soper definition of the fragmentation function. Our result agrees with a previous calculation of Braaten and Lee in the Feynman gauge, but disagrees with another previous calculation.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, version published in Physical Review

A position sensitive phoswich hard X-ray detector system

A prototype position sensitive phoswich hard X-ray detector, designed for eventual astronomical usage, was tested in the laboratory. The scintillation crystal geometry was designed on the basis of a Monte Carlo simulation of the internal optics and includes a 3mm thick NaI(T1) primary X-ray detector which is actively shielded by a 20 mm thick CsI(T1) scintillation crystal. This phoswich arrangement is viewed by a number two inch photomultipliers. Measured values of the positional and spectral resolution of incident X-ray photons are compared with calculation

Two-stage Kondo effect in a four-electron artificial atom

An artificial atom with four electrons is driven through a singlet-triplet transition by varying the confining potential. In the triplet, a Kondo peak with a narrow dip at drain-source voltage V_ds=0 is observed. The low energy scale V_ds* characterizing the dip is consistent with predictions for the two-stage Kondo effect. The phenomenon is studied as a function of temperature T and magnetic field B, parallel to the two-dimensional electron gas. The low energy scales T* and B* are extracted from the behavior of the zero-bias conductance and are compared to the low energy scale V_ds* obtained from the differential conductance. Good agreement is found between kT* and |g|muB*, but eV_ds* is larger, perhaps because of nonequilibrium effects.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures. Added labels on Fig. 3f and one referenc

Polarization and readout of coupled single spins in diamond

We study the coupling of a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond to a nearby single nitrogen defect at room temperature. The magnetic dipolar coupling leads to a splitting in the electron spin resonance frequency of the nitrogen-vacancy center, allowing readout of the state of a single nitrogen electron spin. At magnetic fields where the spin splitting of the two centers is the same we observe a strong polarization of the nitrogen electron spin. The amount of polarization can be controlled by the optical excitation power. We combine the polarization and the readout in time-resolved pump-probe measurements to determine the spin relaxation time of a single nitrogen electron spin. Finally, we discuss indications for hyperfine-induced polarization of the nitrogen nuclear spin

The hydrology of prehistoric farming systems in a central Arizona ecotone

The prehistoric land use and water management in the semi-arid Southwest was examined. Remote sensing data, geology, hydrology and biology are discussed along with an evaluation of remote sensing contributions, recommendations for applications, and proposed future remote sensing studies