When gratitude and cooperation between friends affect inter-brain connectivity for EEG

Background Recently several studies in the psychological and social field have investigated the social function of gift exchange as a useful way for the consolidation of interpersonal and social relationships and the implementation of prosocial behaviors. Specifically, the present research wanted to explore if gift exchange, increased emotional sharing, gratitude and interpersonal cooperation, leading to an improvement in cognitive and behavioral performance. In this regard, neural connectivity and cognitive performance of 14 pairs of friends were recorded during the development of a joint attention task that involved a gift exchange at the beginning or halfway through the task. The moment of gift exchange was randomized within the pairs: for seven couples, it happened at task beginning, for the remaining seven later. Individuals' simultaneous brain activity was recorded through the use of two electroencephalograms (EEG) systems that were used in hyperscanning. Results The results showed that after gift exchange there was an improvement in behavioral performance in terms of accuracy. For what concerns EEG, instead, an increase of delta and theta activation was observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) when gift exchange occurred at the beginning of the task. Furthermore, an increase in neural connectivity for delta and theta bands was observed. Conclusion The present research provides a significant contribution to the exploration of the factors contributing to the strengthening of social bonds, increasing cooperation, gratitude and prosocial behavior

Donate or receive? Social hyperscanning application with fNIRS

Recent research in social neuroscience has shown how prosocial behavior can increase perceived self-efficacy, perception of cognitive abilitites and social interactions. The present research explored the effect of prosocial behavior, that is giving a gift during an interpersonal exchange, measuring the hyperscanning among two brains. The experiment aimed to analyze the behavioral performance and the brain-to-brain prefrontal neural activity of 16 dyads during a joint action consisting in a cooperative game, which took place in a laboratory setting controlled by an experimenter, to play before and after a gift exchange. Two different types of gift exchange were compared: experiential and material. Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) was applied to record brain activity. Inter-brain connectivity was calculated before and after the gift exchange. In behavioral data, a behavioral performance increase was observed after gift exchange, with accuracy improvement and response times decrease. Regarding intra-brain analyses, an increase in oxygenated hemoglobin was detected, especially in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in both donor and receiver; and in the dorsal part of the premotor cortex (DPMC) in the donor. Moreover, as regards the gift type, greater activation in the DPLFC emerged in both the donor and the receiver after receiving an experiential gift. Finally, the results of the inter-brain connectivity analysis showed that after gift exchange, the donor and receiver brain activity was more synchronized in the DPMC and Frontal Eye Fields (FEF) areas. The present study provides a contribution to the identification of inter-brain functional connectivity when prosocial behaviors are played out

A gift for gratitude and cooperative behavior. Brain and cognitive effects

Recently, different psychological studies have been interested in identifying the factors that regulate the development and maintenance of long-lasting interpersonal and social relationships. Specifically, the present research explored the link between gift exchange, gratitude and cognitive effects. The behavioral performance and neural activity of 32 participants were recorded during a cooperative game to be played before and after gift exchange. Specifically, participants had to perform the task coupled with a dear friend. Half of the couples were asked to exchange a gift before the task performance; the other half was asked to exchange a gift halfway through the task performance. For hemodynamic brain responses, functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used. Results showed that an increase in cognitive performance occurred after the exchange of gifts, with improved accuracy and lower response times in task performance. Regarding hemodynamic responses, an increase in oxygenated hemoglobin was detected, especially in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex following the gift exchange. Furthermore, it was observed that gift exchange before the beginning of the task increased the performance level. The present study provides a significant contribution to the identification of those factors that enable the increased cognitive performance based on cooperative relationships

Exploring the Connected Brain by fNIRS: Human-to-Human Interactions Engineering

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a relatively new neuroimaging technique adequate and useful for exploring neural activity in social contexts involving human interactions. Compared to functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), fNIRS is easy-to-use safe, noninvasive, silent, relatively low cost and portable, and applicable to subjects of all ages, thus resulting in a good option for ecological studies involving humans in their real-life context. Moreover, by using hyperscanning technique, fNIRS allows recording the hemodynamic cerebral activity of two interacting subjects in an ecological context or during a shared performance. Thus, moving from a simple analysis about each subject\u2019s neural response during joint actions towards more complex computations makes possible to investigate brain synchrony, that is the if and how one\u2019s brain activity is related to that of another interacting partner simultaneously recorded. Here, we discuss how connectivity analyses, with respect to both time and frequency domain procedures, permitted to deepen some aspects of inter-brain synchrony in relation to emotional closeness, and to highlight how concurrent, cooperative actions can lead to interpersonal synchrony and bond construction

Cooperative leadership in hyperscanning. Brain and body synchrony during manager-employee interactions

Recent advances in neurosciences permitted to extend the knowledge about brain functioning to the organizational field with a specific interest to leadership, with the extent to explore more proficient ways of managing. In the present research, through a hyperscanning paradigm, EEG and autonomic synchrony was explored during performance reviews to investigate if different leadership styles (partecipative vs. authoritative), could be associated with different dyadic engagement. Analysis involved coherence computation assessing the strenght of inter-brain and body synchrony, which revealed the presence of a higher emotional synchronization for both neural and bodily reactions mainly for partecipative style

Ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase from Plasmodium falciparum undergoes NADP(+)-dependent dimerization and inactivation: functional and crystallographic analysis

The completion of the Plasmodium falciparum genome sequence has recently promoted the search for new antimalarial drugs. More specifically, metabolic pathways of the apicoplast, a key organelle for survival of the parasite, have been recognized as potential targets for the development of specific new antimalarial agents. As most apicomplexan parasites, P. falciparum displays a plant-type ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase, yielding reduced ferredoxin for essential biosynthetic pathways in the apicoplast. Here we report a molecular, kinetic and ligand binding characterization of the recombinant ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase from P. falciparum, in the light of current data available for plant ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductases. In parallel with the functional characterization, we describe the crystal structures of P. falciparum ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase in free form and in complex with 2'-phospho-AMP (at 2.4 and 2.7 A resolution, respectively). The enzyme displays structural properties likely to be unique to plasmodial reductases. In particular, the two crystal structures highlight a covalent dimer, which relies on the oxidation of residue Cys99 in two opposing subunits, and a helix-coil transition that occurs in the NADP-binding domain, triggered by 2'-phospho-AMP binding. Studies in solution show that NADP(+), as well as 2'-phospho-AMP, promotes the formation of the disulfide-stabilized dimer. The isolated dimer is essentially inactive, but full activity is recovered upon disulfide reduction. The occurrence of residues unique to the plasmodial enzyme, and the discovery of specific conformational properties, highlight the NADP-binding domain of P. falciparum ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase as particularly suited for the rational development of antimalarial compounds

Decision-Making in Economic and Moral Contexts : evidence from Social Neuroscience

Decision-making is configured as a very complex construct that it is influenced by different variables (Rilling & Sanfey, 2011; Fehr & Camerer 2007; Wang, Liu, & Ruhe, 2004) such as emotions and cognitive evaluation (Frith & Singer 2008; Sanfey, Loewenstein, McClure, & Cohen, 2006; Groot et al., 2017; Stallen, Smidts, A., & Sanfey, 2013), that allows individuals to consider personal interests, possible losses or rewards, and the ethical and moral choices implications. Specifically, this study aimed to evaluate the decision-making on a sample of 32 participants who were asked to make choices in two different action contexts: economic and moral. To this aim, a task, consisting of a modified version of the Ultimatum Game was administered to evaluate participants\u2019 choices. Specifically, the economic context proposed to divide a sum of money provided as compensation for a work done together; while the moral context proposed to support a colleague\u2019s family who is facing health issues. Within the two conditions three types of offers were presented: neutral, advantageous or disadvantageous. In the neutral condition, an offer was proposed that provided for a fair sharing of money between the two parties, in the advantageous condition a favorable offer was proposed for the subject, and finally, in the disadvantageous condition, the opposite occurred. Participants' neural activity was recorded continuously through the use of near-infrared functional spectroscopy (fNIRS). The levels of oxygenated (O2Hb) and deoxygenated (HHb) hemoglobin were observed in the prefrontal cortex (Gabay, Radua, Kempton, & Mehta, 2014; Rogers, Hazlewood, Blevis, & Lim, 2004; Phan, Wager, Taylor, & Liberzon, 2002). Results showed the recruitment of distinct and specific neural networks within the prefrontal and frontal areas, according to the different conditions and offer types. Results will be discussed by framing the different scenarios with some psychological, motivational and social issues related to decision-making

The Role of Prefrontal Cortex in Purchasing Decision-Making Context

The functional role of the prefrontal cortex has often been related to decision-making. Moreover, depending on the task that has to be carried out, it can be even more functionally specialized (Ernst & Paulus, 2005). The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), for example, seems to be activated by complex tasks solving, working memory processing and recalling of long-lasting memories within long-term memory (Fuster, 2001; Hampson, 2018). Decision-making is applied every day in many different situations, among which stands out the purchasing one. In this context, a crucial and determinant role is played by feelings and emotions. Indeed, emotions are often linked with memories and choices. Previous experiences, in fact, have a key role in this process, since they can influence people\u2019s behavior and take decisions based on some psychological processes such as reward and motivation (Lucchiari & Pravettoni, 2012). However, this is also particularly important when people have to decide within unusual purchasing situations where pros and cons must be taken into account with regard to personal and others\u2019 advantages. In the present study, a modified version of a well-known social interaction paradigm (i.e., the Ultimatum Game; G\ufcth et al., 1982) was used. The scenarios proposed described a store experience in which they should imagine using vouchers. Choices could be neutral, advantageous or disadvantageous from the participant\u2019s perspective. In order to explore the hemodynamic response, fNIRS was used by applying a 18-channels array of optodes covering prefrontal and frontal areas. The final sample included 32 university students of comparable age and educational level. Results showed that the specific offer type led to the engagement of dedicated neural networks, with increased activation of the right medial prefrontal cortex in the case of disadvantageous expenses. Findings are discussed taking into account the psychological factors involved in each purchase choice