Building a Heavy Metal World: Cultural Entrepreneurship in the Polish People’s Republic

This paper explores how cultural entrepreneurs built a ‘heavy metal world’ in the Polish People’s Republic (PRL), focussing on the years 1980-89. By combining historical analysis with primary research to examine how both fans and artists alike acted together to overcome shortages, scarcity and repression, this paper supports definitions of cultural entrepreneurship which go beyond an economic orientation, and acts as case study to highlight the often uneasy co-existence between states and cultural production

First Record of Alphitophagus bifasciatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from Greece; Its Occurrence in Cereal Product Stores

To μυκητοφάγο κολεόπτερο Alphilophagus bifasciatus παρατηρήθηκε για πρωτη φορά στην Ελλάδα, κατά τη διάρκεια καταγραφής των εντόμων που σχετίζονται με τα αποθηκευμένα σιτηρά στην περιοχή Φαρσάλων διαρκουντος του έτους 1991. Αρκετά ακμαία του εντόμου, τα περισσότερα από αυτά ζωντανά και δραστήρια, βρεθηκαν στις αποθήκες σιτηρων (σιτάρι, κριθάρι, καλαμπόκι) της Κ.Υ.Δ.Ε.Π. της περιοχής, κυρίως σε σημεία όπου υπήρχαν νοτισμένα από υγρασία υπολείμματα και σε γωνίες που ήταν συγκεντρωμένοι σωροί από το προϊόν και σκουπίδια μετά τον καθαρισμό των αποθηκών. Η παρουσία του εντόμου δεν ήταν συνεχής κατά τη διάρκεια του ετους.[no abstract available

Prediction of Infestation by Beetles in Stored Wheat Using Two Sampling Methods

Σε κάθε ένα από τρία μεταλλικά silos με σκληρό σιτάρι, που βρίσκονταν στην Κεντρική Ελλάδα, τοποθετήθηκαν 14 παγίδες τύπου probe, στις 15 Ιουνίου 1997. Οι παγίδες ελέγχονταν για ακμαία κολεόπτερα κάθε 15 ημέρες από τις 30 Ιουνίου μέχρι και τις 30 Ιανουαρίου 1998. Κατά τις ημερομηνίες ελέγχου των παγίδων, 14 δείγματα λαμβάνονταν με έναν δειγματολήπτη τΰπου «όντας ακριβώς δίπλα στις θέσεις παγίδευσης. Πολυπληθέστερα είδη στις παγίδες βρέθηκαν ναείναι τα Cryptolestes ferrugineus και Tribolium castaneum ενώ στα δείγματα το Sitophilus oryzae. Για όλα τα ευρεθέντα είδη οι παγίδες ήσαν αποτελεσματικότερες σε σύγκριση με τα δείγματα στην ανίχνευση των ακμαίων. Η γενική δοκιμασία του έδειξε ότι μια σταθμική εξίσωση μπορεί να περιγράψει εξίσου ικανοποιητικά τη σχέση του μέσου και της διασποράς σύμφωνα με τον νόμο της δύναμης του Taylor, για όλα ευρεθέντα ακμαία, ανεξαρτήτως είδους. Οι παράμετροι της σχέσης αυτής χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, με βάση το πρότυπο των Wilson και Room, για την σύνδεση της αναλογίας των δειγματοληπτικών μονάδων με ακμαία (ρ) και του μέσου αριθμού ακμαίων ανά δειγματοληπτική μονάδα (χ). Με βάση τις συλλήψεις των παγίδων, το παραπάνω πρότυπο μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για πρόβλεψη με ικανοποιητικό επίπεδο ακρίβειας, ιδιαίτερα όταν χ<5. Αντίθετα, η χρήση του μοντέλου των Wilson και Room δεν έδωσε ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα όταν εξετάστηκε με βάση τους αριθμούς ακμαίων στα δείγματα.Studies were conducted in order to assess the use of binomial sampling for prediction of infestation level in stored wheat. In each of three steel silos with 1500 metric tones of wheat each, located in central Greece, 14 probe traps were placed on 15 June 1997. The traps were checked for adult coleoptera. every 15 days, from 30 June until 30 January 1998. On the same dates, 14 wheat samples were taken adjacent to the trap locations, using a grain trier. Most abundant species were found to be Cryptolestesferrugineus and Tribolium castaneum in the traps, while Sitophilus oryzae in the samples. Regarding all species detected, traps were proved to be more effective as compared to the samples. Taylor’s Power Law was used, in order to estimate y-intercept and slope values for each species, The comparison of these parameters indicated that a single (weighted) equation can describe equally well the relation between the mean and the variance, according to Taylor’s Power Law, for all adults found, regardless of species. The parameters of this relation were utilized to connect the ratio of sampling units containing one or more adults and the mean number of adults per sampl i ng unit (x), using Wilson and Room’s model. Regarding trap catches, the same model can he used to predict an infestation, with a sufficient precision level, mainly when K<5; on the contrary, the results were not satisfactory in the case of adult numbers in the samples

Establishing ‘safe zones’ in Syria remains the most realistic route to tackling Europe’s refugee crisis

Many of those that have left Syria since the start of the country’s civil war have passed through Greek islands on their way into Europe. James D. Athanassiou and Effie G. H. Pedaliu write that the situation for refugees on the Greek island of Lesbos constitutes a humanitarian crisis and requires urgent action from the international community. They argue that aside from short-term support to those in need, the most realistic solution to the crisis remains the creation of ‘safe zones’ in Syria

Insecticidal action of the combined use of spinosad and deltamethrin against three storedproduct pests in two stored hard-wheat varieties.

The combined use of spinosad with deltamethrin against adults of Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus granarius and Tribolium confusum was evaluated in a series of laboratory bioassays in two hard wheat varieties (Athos and Sifnos). Two groups of bioassays were carried out. In the first group of bioassays, spinosad or deltamethrin were applied alone at the tested wheat varieties at the doses of 0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 ppm for spinosad and 0.125 ppm for deltamethrin. In the second group of bioassays, the tested wheat varieties were treated with the combination of the above spinosad rates with 0.125 of deltamethrin. In both series of bioassays, mortality of the tested species was evaluated after 7 d of exposure on the treated wheat varieties at 25oC and 65% r.h. Mortality for all species was always significantly higher in Athos than Sifnos. The highest mortality of S. oryzae (73 and 40% for Athos and Sifnos respectively) or S. granarius (88% and 58% for Athos and Sifnos respectively) was recorded in the cases that spinosad was applied alone at 0.5 ppm. On the contrary, in the case of T. confusum, 0.125 ppm of deltamethrin was significantly more effective than any of the application rates of spinosad either when applied alone or in combination with deltamethrin. Despite the fact that the highest mortality of S. granarius adults was recorded after exposure on the wheat varieties treated with 0.1 ppm of spinosad x 0.125 ppm of deltamethrin, in light of the results of the present study, the combination of spinosad with deltmethrin requires further investigation since in most of the tested cases of the present study, single application of spinosad or deltamethrin was more effective or of equal effectiveness than the respective combination of spinosad with deltamethrin. Keywords: Spinosad, Deltamethrin, Tribolium, Sitophilus, Wheat, Variet

Efficacy of grain protectants against four psocid species onmaize, rice and wheat

BACKGROUND: Psocids are emerging pests in stored products, particularly in amylaceous commodities such as grains. Currently, their control is based on the use of fumigants and contact insecticides; however, newer data indicate that psocids are tolerant to insecticides used to control other stored-grain species. This study evaluated the insecticides registered in the USA for use on stored maize, rice and wheat for control of the psocid species Lepinotus reticulatus, Liposcelis entomophila, L. bostrychophila and L. paeta. Mortality of exposed adult females was recorded after 7 and 14 days of exposure, while progeny production was assessed after 30 days of exposure. RESULTS: On wheat and rice, chlorpyriphos-methyl + deltamethrin was generally more effective against exposed parental adults than spinosad or pyrethrin, while pirimiphos-methyl was more effective on maize than spinosad or pyrethrin. In most cases, progeny production was suppressed in the treated grains. Progeny production was consistently lowest on wheat and rice treated with chlorpyriphos-methyl+ deltamethrin and maize treated with pirimiphos-methyl. CONCLUSIONS: Chlorpyriphos-methyl+deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl were the most effective insecticides for all species and commodities. Conversely, efficacy of spinosad or pyrethrum was highly dependent on the psocid species and commodity

Efficacy of layer treatment with methoprene for control of \u3ci\u3eRhyzopertha dominica\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) on wheat, rice andmaize

BACKGROUND: Insect growth regulators are promising alternatives to traditional pesticides in stored grain. The efficacy of the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene was evaluated as a layer treatment in a laboratory experiment for control of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) in wheat, rice and maize. RESULTS: Adults of R. dominica were placed in vials containing 33, 26 and 29 g (to a depth of 6.5 cm) of wheat, rice and maize, respectively, that was entirely or partially treated with 1, 5 or 10mg kg−1 methoprene. In wheat and rice, the layer treatments were not as effective as the whole-grain treatment, but there was decreased progeny production as the application rate increased. However, on maize the partial treatments were as effective as the whole-grain treatment at 5 and 10 mg kg−1. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that partial layer treatments with methoprene can be used to control R. dominica on maize but may not be effective for control of this species on wheat and rice

Effects of Short Exposures to Spinosad-Treated Wheat or Maize on Four Stored-Grain Insects

The effect of short exposures to spinosad-treated wheat, Triticum aestivum L., or maize, Zea mays L., was evaluated against adults of four stored-product insect species: lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae); rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae); and the psocid Lepinotus reticulatus (Enderlein) (Psocoptera: Trogiidae). Adult mortality of these species was recorded after 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 40 h on commodities treated with 1ppm of spinosad (immediate mortality). Then, the surviving individuals were removed and placed on untreated wheat or maize, and mortality was recorded again 7 d later (delayed mortality). Progeny production then was determined 65 and 35 d later for the beetles and psocids, respectively. Among the four species tested, R. dominica was the most susceptible, and immediate mortality after 40 h reached 78 and 72% on wheat and maize, respectively. Moreover, 7 d later, all adults that had been exposed for \u3e2 h were dead on both commodities. Progeny production was significantly reduced in comparison with the controls, and no progeny were found when parental adults had been exposed for \u3e8 or \u3e4 h on wheat and maize, respectively. For S. oryzae, 40-h exposures significantly increased delayed mortality on both wheat and maize, but progeny production still was high. Generally, no effect of short exposures was noted for T. castaneum. For L. reticulatus, despite the fact that the increase of exposure interval increased mortality on maize,progeny production was not avoided.With the exception of T.castaneum, more progeny were found on wheat than on maize. The results of the current study indicate that R. dominica is very susceptible after short exposures to spinosad-treated substrate, but the other species are able to survive and reproduce at the exposure range examined

Efficacy of Methoprene for Control of Five Species of Psocids (\u3ci\u3ePsocoptera\u3c/i\u3e) on Wheat, Rice, and Maize

The insect growth regulator methoprene was evaluated for control of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, Liposcelis decolor (Pearman), Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein), Liposcelis paeta Pearman (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae), and Lepinotus reticulatus Enderlein (Trogiidae) at application rates of 1, 5, and 10 ppm on maize, wheat, and rice. Methoprene did not completely suppress progeny production during the 40-day test period, but did cause a significant reduction in adult progeny in all psocid species at the application rates of 5 and 10 ppm. At 1 ppm, numbers of adults were reduced for all species on wheat and maize, but only for L. paeta on rice. Nevertheless, the numbers of nymphs present after 40 days generally were not reduced, relative to the controls. Methoprene applied at rates of 1 to 10 ppm to stored grain would not provide adequate control of psocids

Lesser grain borers, \u3ci\u3eRhyzopertha dominica\u3c/i\u3e, select rough rice kernels with cracked hulls for reproduction

Tests were conducted to determine whether the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae), selects rough rice (Oryza sativa L. (Poales: Poaceae)) kernels with cracked hulls for reproduction when these kernels are mixed with intact kernels. Differing amounts of kernels with cracked hulls (0, 5, 10, and 20%) of the varieties Francis and Wells were mixed with intact kernels, and the number of adult progeny emerging from intact kernels and from kernels with cracked hulls was determined. The Wells variety had been previously classified as tolerant to R. dominica, while the Francis variety was classified as moderately susceptible. Few F1 progeny were produced in Wells regardless of the percentage of kernels with cracked hulls, few of the kernels with cracked hulls had emergence holes, and little frass was produced from feeding damage. At 10 and 20% kernels with cracked hulls, the progeny production, number of emergence holes in kernels with cracked hulls, and the amount of frass was greater in Francis than in Wells. The proportion of progeny emerging from kernels with cracked hulls increased as the proportion of kernels with cracked hulls increased. The results indicate that R. dominica select kernels with cracked hulls for reproduction