Пространственно-временная динамика твердости рекультивированных почв, сформированных в результате добычи полезных ископаемых открытым способом

On the basis of studying the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil penetration resistance we proved the existence of the technozem ecomorphs as above horizon soil formations. Research was carried out at a research center for study of recultivation processes in Ordzhonikidze city. Measurement of soils penetration was made in field conditions using an Eijkelkamp penetrometer on a regular grid at depths of up to50 cmwith intervals of5 cm. Calculation of average values and degrees of variation was performed by means of descriptive statistical tools. The extent of soil penetration spatial dependence was assessed and the existence of ecomorphs was proved by means of geostatistical analysis. The degree of associativity of spatial distribution of indicators of a soil body in different years of research was established by means of correlation analysis. The level of variation in space and in time of  technozem penetration generated on loess-like loams, grey-green, red-brown clays, and also pedozems was revealed. The degree of spatial dependence of  technozem penetration within soil layers and also the linear sizes of ecomorphs as above horizon soil structures was established. The time dynamics of  penetration of various recultozems were described. As a result of research into the spatio-temporal dynamics of penetration of technozems, data confirming the hypothesis of the existence of ecomorphs as above horizon morphological soil formations were obtained. An ecomorphic approach to the study of the morphological structure of technozems is proposed. The comparative characteristics of ecomorphs from various types of technozem are presented. The results obtained solve the problem of combining the higher and lowest levels in the hierarchical system of soil organisation as a natural body, which should raise the efficiency of the analysis of relations of morphological elements as a basis for detailed reconstruction of recultivation processes, soil formation, and study of their regimes and functions.На основе изучения пространственно-временной динамики твердости почвы обоснованно существование экоморф техноземов как внегоризонтных почвенных образований. Исследования проведены на научно-исследовательском стационаре по изучению процессов рекультивации в г. Орджоникидзе. Измерение твердости техноземов проводилось в полевых условиях с помощью пенетрометра Eijkelkamp по регулярной сетке на глубину до 50 см с интервалом 5 см. Оценка средних показателей и степени вариации произведена с помощью инструментов описательной статистики. Степень сопряженности пространственного распределения показателей почвенного тела в разные годы исследования установлена с помощью корреляционного анализа. Определены показатели варьирования в пространстве и во времени твердости техноземов, сформированных на лессовидных суглинках, серо-зеленых, красно-бурых глинах, а также педоземов. Установлена степень пространственной зависимости твердости техноземов послойно, а также линейные размеры внегоризонтных почвенных структур – почвенных экоморф. Описан характер временной динамики твердости изученных почв. Получены данные, подтверждающие гипотезу о существовании экоморф как внегоризонтных морфологических почвенных образований. Предложен экоморфический подход к изучению морфологического строения техноземов. Даны сравнительные характеристики почвенных экоморф различных типов техноземов. Полученные результаты решают проблему совмещения высших и низших уровней в иерархической системе организации почвы как природного тела, что повышает эффективность анализа отношений морфологических элементов в качестве основы детальной реконструкции процессов рекультивации, становления почв, изучения их режимов и функций.На основе изучения пространственно-временной динамики твердости почвы обоснованно существование экоморф техноземов как внегоризонтных почвенных образований. Исследования проведены на научно-исследовательском стационаре по изучению процессов рекультивации в г. Орджоникидзе. Измерение твердости техноземов проводилось в полевых условиях с помощью пенетрометра Eijkelkamp по регулярной сетке на глубину до 50 см с интервалом 5 см. Оценка средних показателей и степени вариации произведена с помощью инструментов описательной статистики. Степень сопряженности пространственного распределения показателей почвенного тела в разные годы исследования установлена с помощью корреляционного анализа. Определены показатели варьирования в пространстве и во времени твердости техноземов, сформированных на лессовидных суглинках, серо-зеленых, красно-бурых глинах, а также педоземов. Установлена степень пространственной зависимости твердости техноземов послойно, а также линейные размеры внегоризонтных почвенных структур – почвенных экоморф. Описан характер временной динамики твердости изученных почв. Получены данные, подтверждающие гипотезу о существовании экоморф как внегоризонтных морфологических почвенных образований. Предложен экоморфический подход к изучению морфологического строения техноземов. Даны сравнительные характеристики почвенных экоморф различных типов техноземов. Полученные результаты решают проблему совмещения высших и низших уровней в иерархической системе организации почвы как природного тела, что повышает эффективность анализа отношений морфологических элементов в качестве основы детальной реконструкции процессов рекультивации, становления почв, изучения их режимов и функций

Spatio-temporal dynamics of the penetration resistance of recultivated soils formed after open cast mining

On the basis of studying the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil penetration resistance we proved the existence of the technozem ecomorphs as above horizon soil formations. Research was carried out at a research center for study of recultivation processes in Ordzhonikidze city. Measurement of soils penetration was made in field conditions using an Eijkelkamp penetrometer on a regular grid at depths of up to50 cmwith intervals of5 cm. Calculation of average values and degrees of variation was performed by means of descriptive statistical tools. The extent of soil penetration spatial dependence was assessed and the existence of ecomorphs was proved by means of geostatistical analysis. The degree of associativity of spatial distribution of indicators of a soil body in different years of research was established by means of correlation analysis. The level of variation in space and in time of  technozem penetration generated on loess-like loams, grey-green, red-brown clays, and also pedozems was revealed. The degree of spatial dependence of  technozem penetration within soil layers and also the linear sizes of ecomorphs as above horizon soil structures was established. The time dynamics of  penetration of various recultozems were described. As a result of research into the spatio-temporal dynamics of penetration of technozems, data confirming the hypothesis of the existence of ecomorphs as above horizon morphological soil formations were obtained. An ecomorphic approach to the study of the morphological structure of technozems is proposed. The comparative characteristics of ecomorphs from various types of technozem are presented. The results obtained solve the problem of combining the higher and lowest levels in the hierarchical system of soil organisation as a natural body, which should raise the efficiency of the analysis of relations of morphological elements as a basis for detailed reconstruction of recultivation processes, soil formation, and study of their regimes and functions

Intra-population spatial structure of the land snail Vallonia pulchella (Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda; Pulmonata; Valloniidae)

ABSTRACT. This paper summarizes the mechanisms behind the patterning of the intra-population spatial arrangement of the land snail Vallonia pulchella in terms of edaphic and vegetation properties. The mol- luscs were collected from a regular grid in recultivated soil (the research station of Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Pokrov, Ukraine). As predictors of the snail population abundance, spatial variables were used, as well as edaphic and vegetation indices. It is shown that V. pulchella prefers microsites character- ized by higher soil electrical conductivity, which con- tain larger aggregate fractions with low mechanical im- pedance and the low temperature at the depth of 0-10 cm, with a more developed dead plant layer, low-light and low hygromorph and heliomorph index values of the vegetation

Actual aspects of organic agricultural development in Ukraine

The monograph presents a conceptual analysis of the development of all sectors of organic production in Ukraine, the problems of sustainable increase in the efficiency of agrobiocenoses, the economic aspects of the formation of organic production according to European standards, and the analysis of opportunities for the agrarian sector. The approaches to the application of new methods and tools in organic production are described. The monograph is prezented for specialists, employments of the agrarian sector, scientists, professors, students and masters, all those who are interested in the specified range of questions that are being analyzed

Ecomorphic organisation of the soil body: geostatistical approach

The spatial heterogeneity dynamics of indicator penetration resistance of sod-lithogenic soils on red-brown clays of the reculturated region of Nikopol manganese ore basin was studied within two years. Statistical regularities have been established in the formation of soil structure. The levels of spatial dependence of soil penetration resistance have been defined by means of geostatistical methods within layers to 50 cm depth. Horizonless morphological formation with horizontal linear dimensions of 3.34–4.50 m in 2012 and 7.14–8.02 m in 2013 have been identified on the basis of the layered mapping of spatial distribution of penetration resistance in the structure of sod–lithoge­nic soils on red-brown clays. The results of correlation analysis indicate that the formation of structure elements of heterogeneity of studied area of soil occurs under a persistent influence of negative feedbacks with the distribution of hardness values identified in the previous year. The identified elements of spatial organization of lithogenic to red-brown clay with their size, shape, nature of the relationship may be named as elements of hete­rogeneity of soil that are natural elements of soil as a natural body. Structural integri­ty, individuality, depending on the environmental conditions allows including the edaphic structural elements found in the category of soil ekomorf

Characteristics phetoplacental complex change in women with pulmonary tuberculosis, complicated by iron deficiency anemia

87 pregnant women have been examined, 57 of them had pulmonary form of TB, complicated by IDA (main group). The control group consisted of 30 conditionally somatichealthy patients with physiological pregnancy. Changes in the parameters of erythron, increased metabolic acidosis, development of placental dysfunction (93%), violation of hemodynamics in the utero-placental-fetal basin, and low biophysical profile of the fetus were found. The main group patients received comprehensive anti-anemic, antihypoxic, detoxificative, antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing therapy. After the pathogenetic treatment, the general condition of mother and fetus improved, e. g. the total index of biophysical profile of fetus in the pregnant women of the main group increased from (6.87 ± 0.18) points to (8.73 ± 0.12) points Women with pulmonary tuberculosis and iron-deficiency anemia require complex pathogenetic therapy, which significantly improves the erythron signs, fetal, newborn and general mother’s condition. Key words

T25

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in treatment of many cancer types due to its ability to induce apoptosis in malignant cells in blood cancer therapy, and to prevent nausea, emesis and chemotherapy-associated hepatotoxicity in case of solid tumors. However, severe dose-limiting side effects occur, including osteoporosis, diabetes and other metabolic complications. Moreover, in therapy of solid tumors GCs strongly affect microenvironment which could be associated with poor prognosis, risk of metastasis and high frequency of relapses. Biological response to GCs is mediated by glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a well-characterized transcription factor. GR controls gene expression via (1) transactivation, which requires binding of GR homodimers to glucocorticoid-responsive elements (GRE) in gene promoters and enhancers, and (2) dimerization-independent transrepression mediated via negative interaction between GR and other transcription factors including major effectors of inflammation and proliferation. Transrepression plays an important role in anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects of GR, including normalizing influence on microenvironment, while side effects are associated with GR transactivation. In particular, GCs induce insulin resistance in adipocytes, a major component of the mammary microenvironment, which secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, implicated in tumor progression. Selective GR agonists (SEGRA) that preferentially activate GR transrepression could be a better option for treatment of cancer. Dozens of candidate SEGRAs were identified, synthesized and tested by industry and academia, with some having reached clinical trials. One of the novel GR modulators is 2-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-chloro-N-methylethylammonium-chloride, or CpdA, synthetic analogue of aziridine precursor isolated from Namibian shrub Salsola tuberculatiformis Botschantzev. It was shown that CpdA acts as “dissociated” GR ligand: it competes with GCs for GR binding and efficiently induces GR transrepression but not transactivation. We and other authors reported recently that CpdA inhibits survival of prostate cancer cells as well as blood cancer cells in GR-dependent fashion. Furthermore, primary leukemia cells from T-ALL patients appeared to be equally sensitive to GCs and CpdA. Our further studies were concentrated on three directions: (1) GC/SEGRA-based chemotherapy. We screened biological effect of CpdA in combination with traditional agents (doxorubicin, vincristine) and newer therapeutics (Bortezomib, Carfilzomib, MLN-4924, Rapamycin). Pretreatment of lymphoma cells with proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib resulted in GR accumulation and enhanced ligand properties of CpdA. We also revealed remarkable GR-dependent cooperation between CpdA and Bortezomib in suppressing survival of lymphoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Also surprising findings were substantial cooperation in anti-cancer effect of immunosuppressant Rapamycin and CpdA in vitro, and unexpected “dissociated” effect of Rapamycin on GR signaling realized through down -regulation of REDD1, mTORC1 inhibitor. These data suggested high clinical potential of Rapamycin/GC combination in cancer treatment. (2) SEGRA list extention We used two approaches to extend SEGRA list: (1) synthesis of CpdA enantiomers and (2) its chemical derivatives. Chemical analogues of CpdA were designed by appending of bulky substituent into benzene ring, alkylation of carbon atom adjacent to chlorine atom or appending of substituents to nitrogen atom. Evaluation of biological properties of enantiomers revealed higher GR-dependent anti-cancer potential of S-CpdA. Cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects of CpdA analogues were comparable with precursor. (3) Selection of tumor types acceptable for SEGRA treatment. CpdA was selected for NCI-60 in Vitro Cell Line Screening Project providing direct support to anticancer drug discovery program. It was shown that CpdA affect viability of some adherent cancer cell lines. We demonstrated that CpdA unlike GCs did not modify microenvironment and disintegrate tight junctions between cells decreasing risk of metastasis in case of solid tumors. It demonstrates reasonability of further investigations. Overall, our data provide the rationale for novel therapy of cancer based on combination of non-steroidal GR modulators with classic and modern chemotherapeutics. Approaches to obtain more SEGRAs were elaborated

P85

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most important component of therapy for a number of diseases including combined chemotherapy of hematological malignancies. However, their application is strongly restricted by the development of serious side effects as well as glucocorticoid resistance. Both side effects and resistance affect child cancer patients more intensively. Adverse side-effects of glucocorticoid treatment are the result of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated gene activation, while the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects result from GR-mediated ‘transrepression’. Difference in mechanisms of therapeutic and side effects of GCs became obvious and selective glucocorticoid agonists (SEGRA) were developed aiming to separate transactivation from transrepression. Recently we have demonstrated that one of the modern SEGRAs, 2-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-chloro-N-methyl-ethylammonium chloride or CpdA, selectively induces transrepression in lymphoma cells and reveals GR-dependent anti-lymphoma activity in vitro and in vivo. However, CpdA is a chiral molecule and exists as a racemic mixture of two enantiomers. Enantiomers often possess the same physical and chemical properties but their biological effects may differ drastically. They differently interact with cell receptors and it can lead to the essential diversity in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The notorious example of such a molecule is Thalidomide which was originally designed and used as a sedative drug during the pregnancy, but it was withdrawn chiefly because of its severe teratogenicity. As it was demonstrated, only (R)-thalidomide exhibited significant sedative effects, while (S)-thalidomide revealed the teratogenic effects. The application of enantiopure compounds may lead to reduction of metabolism variability in patients and to decrease of drug effective dose. Thereby, the synthesis of enantiopure isomers of CpdA and the study of their anti-cancer activity are of immediate interest in cancer research. We synthesized for the first time enantiomers of the CpdA based on literature precedent Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation with AD-mix-alpha or AD-mix-beta. (S)- and (R)-enantiomers with enantiopure excess of 98% were obtained. Then we evaluated the cytotoxic effects on acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells CEM and mantle cell lymphoma cells Granta by direct cell counting and found that cytotoxic activities of both enantiomers were comparable with the effect of racemic mixture on cell growth and survival. Glucocorticoids modulate the expression of genes through transrepression and transactivation mechanisms realized in equal measure. In present work we estimated the potential ability of newly synthesized enantiomers to activate these mechanisms. Transactivation realizes through direct binding of receptor homodimers to specific sequences (glucocorticoid responsive elements (GREs)) in promoter or enhancer regions of GR target genes. Therefore, we studied the level of transactivation as the expression of GR-regulated genes, immunophiline FKBP51 and glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper GILZ. As shown by Q-RT-PCR, the expression of FKBP51 and GILZ was unaffected after cell treatment by both CpdA enantiomers; hence, these compounds did not induce GR transactivation. GR-transrepression is chiefly mediated by protein–protein interaction between GR and other transcription factors like NF-kB and AP1, followed by inhibition of their transcriptional activity. We evaluated the transrepression by expression of NF-kB-depended genes, cyclines D1 and D2 (CCND and CCND2). (S)-enantiomer of CpdA down-regulated the expression of CCND1 and CCND2 to the level compared with Dex while (R)-enantiomer surprisingly increased level of CCND1 and CCND2 expression. This fact demonstrated that (S)-CpdA is perspective as antiproliferative and cell growth inhibiting agent. Overall, our data provide the potential for further studies of CpdA optical isomers, especially (S)-enantiomer, as GR-dependent anti-cancer agents