Radial Velocity along the Voyager 1 Trajectory: The Effect of Solar Cycle

As Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are approaching the heliopause (HP)—the boundary between the solar wind (SW) and the local interstellar medium (LISM)—we expect new, unknown features of the heliospheric interface to be revealed. A seeming puzzle reported recently by Krimigis et al. concerns the unusually low, even negative, radial velocity components derived from the energetic ion distribution. Steady-state plasma models of the inner heliosheath (IHS) show that the radial velocity should not be equal to zero even at the surface of the HP. Here we demonstrate that the velocity distributions observed by Voyager 1 are consistent with time-dependent simulations of the SW-LISM interaction. In this Letter, we analyze the results from a numerical model of the large-scale heliosphere that includes solar cycle effects. Our simulations show that prolonged periods of low to negative radial velocity can exist in the IHS at substantial distances from the HP. It is also shown that Voyager 1 was more likely to observe such regions than Voyager 2

Impact of Satellite Sea Surface Salinity Observations on ENSO Predictions from the GMAO S2S Forecast System

El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has far reaching global climatic impacts and so extending useful ENSO forecasts would be of great benefit for society. However, one key variable that has yet to be fully exploited within coupled forecast systems is accurate estimation of near-surface ocean density. Satellite Sea Surface Salinity (SSS), combined with temperature, help to identify ocean density changes and associated mixing near the ocean surface. We assess the impact of satellite SSS observations for improving near-surface dynamics within ocean analyses and how these impact dynamical ENSO forecasts using the NASA GMAO (Global Modeling and Assimilation Office) Sub-seasonal to Seasonal (S2S_v2.1) coupled forecast system (Molod et al. 2018 - i.e. NASA's contribution to the NMME (National Multi-Model Ensemble) project). For all initialization experiments, all available along-track absolute dynamic topography and in situ observations are assimilated using the LETKF ( Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter) scheme similar to Penny et al., 2013. A separate reanalysis additionally assimilates Aquarius V5 (September 2011 to June 2015) and SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) V4 (March 2015 to present) along-track data.We highlight the impact of satellite SSS on ocean reanalyses by comparing validation statistics of experiments that assimilate SSS versus our current prediction system that withholds SSS. We find that near-surface validation versus observed statistics for salinity are slightly degraded when assimilating SSS. This is an expected result due to known biases between SSS (measured by the satellite at approximately 1 centimeter) and in situ measurements (typically measured by Argo floats at 3 meters). On the other hand, a very encouraging result is that both temperature, absolute dynamic topography, and mixed layer statistics are improved with SSS assimilation. Previous work has shown that correcting near-surface density structure via gridded SSS assimilation can improve coupled forecasts. Here we present results of coupled forecasts that are initialized from the GMAO S2S reanalyses that assimilates/withholds along-track (L2) SSS. In particular, we contrast forecasts of the overestimated 2014 El Nino, the big 2015 El Nino, and the minor 2016 La Nina. For each of these ENSO scenarios, assimilation of satellite SSS improves the forecast validation. Improved SSS and density upgrades the mixed layer depth leading to more accurate coupled air/sea interaction

Impact of Aquarius and SMAP Sea Surface Salinity Observations on Seasonal Predictions of the 2015 El Nino

We assess the impact of satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) observations on dynamical ENSO forecasts for the big 2015 El Nino event. From March to June 2015, the availability of two overlapping satellite SSS instruments, Aquarius and SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive Mission), allows a unique opportunity to compare and contrast forecasts generated with the benefit of these two satellite SSS observation types. Four distinct experiments are presented that include 1) freely evolving model SSS (i.e. no satellite SSS), relaxation to 2) climatological SSS (i.e. WOA13 SSS), 3) Aquarius, and 4) SMAP initialization. Coupled hindcasts are then generated from these initial conditions for March 2015. These forecasts are then validated against observations and evaluated with respect to the observed El Nino development

Impact of Satellite Sea Surface Salinity Observations on ENSO Predictions from the GEOS GMAO S2S Forecast System

We assess the impact of satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) observations on dynamical ENSO forecasts. Assimilation of SSS improves the mixed layer depth (MLD) and modulates the Kelvin waves associated with ENSO. In column 2, the initialization differences between experiments that assimilate SSS minus those withholding SSS assimilation are presented. Column 3 shows examples of forecasts generated for the different phases of ENSO. From March to June 2015, the availability of two overlapping satellite SSS instruments, Aquarius and SMAP, allows a unique opportunity to compare and contrast coupled forecasts generated with the benefit of these two satellite SSS observation types. The far right column compares assimilation of Aquarius, SMAP and combined Aquaries and SMAP on forecasts for the 2015 El Nino

Energy-Saving Vibration Impulse Coal Degradation at Finely Dispersed Coal-Water Slurry Preparation

Theoretical and experimental research results of processes of finely dispersed coal-water slurry preparation for further generation of energetic gas in direct flow and vortex gas generator plants have been presented. It has been stated that frequency parameters of parabolic vibration impulse mill influence degradation degree. Pressure influence on coal parameters in grinding cavity has been proven. Experimental researches have proven efficiency of vibration impulse mill with unbalanced mass vibrator generator development. Conditions of development on intergranular walls of coal cracks have been defined

Research on Geometrical Errors of Geokhod Prototype Shell Based on Coordinate Control Data

The article contains results of a research on geometric accuracy of a geokhod prototype shell. The article outlines the general structural features of geokhod bodies, and the main principles of manufacturing in test production. An overview of approaches to modeling of shell error occurrence is given. The researches were conducted on the basis of data obtained by coordinate control over the stabilizing section shell. The data were studied by statistical methods and analyzed in terms of their compliance with previously proposed mathematical models of formation of geokhod shell inaccuracies. It is shown that available mathematical models can not completely explain the origin of all the errors. The authors attribute unexplained geokhod shell errors as deformations caused by welding

Особенности определения местоположения источника помех, находящегося в непосредственной близости к радиоэлектронному средству с многоканальным приемным устройством, и оценки точности результатов

One of the fundamental properties of modern radio electronic equipment (REE) is jammer-induced performance in particular when located near REE, when they significantly affect the parameters of electromagnetic field generated and/or received by REE. One of the ways of antijamming is its rapid detection by REE for elimination purpose. In solving this problem, both the minimum detection time and the accuracy of the noise source location are equally important.  In this article, the problem is considered using the example of radar detection with a multi-channel receiving device and thrown noise transmitter located close to its antenna field. The schemes displaying the problem geometry for phase and difference-distance-measuring methods for determining of jammer position are presented. Expressions are formed that determine the area of uncertainty zone when jammer detecting and connection of this value with radar parameters – ranging and azimuth accuracy. The necessity of using expressions free of far zones assumptions with respect to the radar and jammer relative position is explained. Ranging based on the signal received by radar in the mode of circular or sector review is considered. The results obtained confirm the necessity to take into account the distance between the jammer and REE when implementing the basic methods for determining radiation source location.На современном уровне развития радиоэлектронных средств (РЭС) одним из важных свойств является работоспособность в условиях воздействия постановщиков помех, в частности расположенных вблизи РЭС, когда они существенно влияют на параметры электромагнитного поля, генерируемого и/или принимаемого РЭС. Одним из способов борьбы с таким постановщиком является его быстрейшее обнаружение самим РЭС с целью ликвидации. При решении этой задачи равно важны как минимальное время обнаружения, так и точность оценки местоположения источника помех. В настоящей статье указанная задача рассмотрена на примере обнаружения радиолокационной станцией (РЛС) с многоканальным приемным устройством забрасываемого передатчика помех, расположенного вблизи ее антенного поля. Представлены схемы, отражающие геометрию задачи для фазового и разностнодальномерного способов определения положения источника помех. Сформированы выражения, определяющие площадь зоны неопределенности при обнаружении источника помех и связь этой величины с параметрами РЛС – точностями определения дальности и азимута. Обоснована необходимость использования выражений, свободных от допущения дальней зоны относительно взаимного расположения РЛС и источника помех. Рассмотрено определение дальности на основе сигнала, полученного РЛС в режиме кругового или сектроного обзора. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о необходимости учета удаленности источника помех от РЭС при реализации основных методов определения местоположения источников излучения

Impact of Satellite Sea Surface Salinity Observations on ENSO Predictions from the GMAO S2S Forecast System

Sea surface salinity (SSS) observations from space allow us to investigate if improved estimates of near-surface density stratification and associated mixing can positively impact seasonal to interannual variability of tropical Pacific Ocean dynamics as well as dynamical ENSO forecasts. For the first part of the presentation, we utilize our intermediate-complexity coupled model. Baseline experiments assimilate satellite sea level (multi-satellite gridded AVISO, 2013), SST (Reynolds et al., 2004), and in situ subsurface temperature and salinity observations (GTSPP NODC, 2006). These baseline experiments are then compared with experiments that additionally assimilate Aquarius (V5.0 Lilly and Lagerloef, 2008) and SMAP (V4.0 Fore et al., 2016) SSS. Twelve-month forecasts are initialized for each month from September 2011 to September 2017. For initialization of the coupled forecast, the positive impact of SSS assimilation is brought about by surface freshening near the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool and density changes that lead to shallower mixed layer between 10S-5N. This pattern enhances air/sea interaction and amplifies the equatorial Kelvin wave signal. We find that including satellite SSS significantly improves NINO3.4 sea surface temperature anomaly validation over most forecast lead times. We next assess how different satellite SSS products impact the validation of ENSO forecasts. SMAP V4 reduces the salty bias in the western Pacific and so is an improvement upon SMAP V2 and SMOS V2 (Boutin et al., 2017) has similar validation characteristics as a combination of Aquarius and SMAP V4. Next we shift to present results from the NASA GMAO Sub-seasonal to seasonal (S2S_v2.1) production coupled model (i.e. the same model that contributes ENSO forecasts to the North American Multi-Model Ensemble Experiment). From March to June 2015, the availability of two overlapping satellite SSS instruments, Aquarius and SMAP, allows a unique opportunity to compare and contrast forecasts initialized with the benefit of these two satellite SSS observation types. We assess the impact of satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) observations on dynamical ENSO forecasts for the big 2015 El Nino event. We will present distinct experiments for the overlap period that include 1) freely evolving SSS (i.e. no satellite SSS as the production system), 2) Aquarius, and 3) SMAP initialization. Our results show that using Aquarius slightly improves validation of the reanalysis (including sea level and temperature statistics). Our production system without SSS assimilation generated too warm forecasts for the 2015 El Nino from March initial conditions. Incorporating Aquarius into initialization of the coupled system leads to a deeper, more realistic MLD that acts to damp the downwelling Kelvin signal and slightly cool NINO3.4 SST. With Aquarius the forecasts better match the observed amplitude of the 2015 event. On the other hand, SMAP V2 relaxation generally degrades validation statistics. At forecast initialization, SMAP is much too salty within 10o of the equator, leading to deeper MLD east of 165W. This deeper MLD leads to over-damping of the downwelling signal (i.e. relative upwelling), in turn leading to relatively too cool ENSO forecasts

Development and Study of Hard-Facing Materials on the Base of Heat-Resisting High-Hardness Steels for Plasma-Jet Hard- Facing in Shielding-Doping Nitrogen Atmosphere

The authors develop hard-facing materials on the base of heat-resisting highhardness steels for plasma-jet hard-facing in nitrogen atmosphere for manufacturing parts of mining and metallurgic equipment which significantly simplify the production process and effect a saving when producing bimetallic parts and tools

ЩЕЛОЧНЫЕ ЖИЛЬНЫЕ ПОРОДЫ КАРИЙСКОГО РУДНОГО УЗЛА: СОСТАВ РУДООБРАЗУЮЩИХ РАСТВОРОВ И УСЛОВИЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ (ПО РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ФЛЮИДНЫХ ВКЛЮЧЕНИЙ)

The Kara ore node is located within the Sretensk-Kara ore region of East Transbaikalia. The geological structure of this area is complex due to its location within the Mongol-Okhotsk suture, the zone wherein the Siberian and Mongolia-China continents collided into each other at the turn of the Early and Middle Jurassic. During the plate collision, intense magmatism was accompanied by the formation of focal-dome, dome-ring and other structures. The Kara ore node is controlled by the Ust-Kara focal dome-ring structure. The central part of latter is composed of Kara-Chacha granitoids from the Amudzhikan-Sretensk intrusive complex (J3-K1) with the system of subvolcanic and vein formations, including grorudites. It is suggested that gold mineralization in the study area is genetically related to grorudites; however, physical and chemical conditions for the formation of these alkaline rocks, their genesis and role in the hydrothermal gold-ore process still have not been sufficiently investigated. To this end, the authors of this paper have studied fluid inclusions (FI) in quartz from these rocks. It has been found that quartz porphyry phenocrysts in grorudite contain FI of diverse forms, the size of which ranges from 5 to 48 microns. Measured temperatures of ice melting (–2.5°C) and complete homogenization into liquid (350 °C) show that the concentration of salts in the fluid amounts to 4.2 wt % of eq. NaC, its density is 0.64 g/cm3, and the pressure is 1.6 kb. At LA-ICP-MS of individual FI, clear analytical signals were derived from Na and K. As, Mo, Sb, Cs, W, and Hg were traced in significant quantities. The Raman scanning showed the presence of N2 in the primary (substantially gaseous) FI, and CO2, N2, and CH4 in the primary-secondary FI. Карийский рудный узел находится в пределах Сретенско-Карийского рудного района Восточного Забайкалья. Сложность геологического строения района определяется его расположением в пределах Монголо-Охотского сутурного шва, зоны коллизии Сибирского и Монголо-Китайского континентов, произошедшей на рубеже ранней и средней юры. Обстановка столкновения плит привела к интенсивным проявлениям коллизионного магматизма, сопровождавшимся образованием очагово-купольных, купольно-кольцевых и других структур. Карийский рудный узел контролируется Усть-Карской очаговой купольно-кольцевой структурой, центральная часть которой сложена Кара-Чачинским массивом гранитоидов амуджикано-сретенского интрузивного комплекса (J3-K1) с системой субвулканических и жильных образований, в том числе грорудитов. С грорудитами генетически связывают формирование здесь золоторудной минерализации. Однако физико-химические условия образования этих щелочных пород, их генезис и роль в гидротермальном золоторудном процессе до сих пор исследованы недостаточно. С этой целью авторами статьи были изучены флюидные включения (ФВ) в кварце этих пород. Установлено, что порфировые вкрапленники кварца в грорудитах содержат ФВ разнообразной формы, в поперечнике составляющие 5–48 мкм. Были измерены температуры плавления льда (–2.5 °С) и полной гомогенизации в жидкость (350 °С), по которым определено, что концентрация солей во флюиде соответствует 4.2 мас. % экв. NaC, его плотность составляет 0.64 г/см3, давление – 1.6 кбар. При LA-ICP-MS индивидуальных ФВ четкие аналитические сигналы получены от Na и K, в значимых количествах прослеживаются As, Mo, Sb, Cs, W, Hg. Рамановское сканирование показало присутствие N2 в существенно газовых первичных и CO2, N2, CH4 – в первично-вторичных ФВ