Do Smart Cities Grow Faster?

Previous studies have found a strong positive correlation between human capital, measured as the share of the adult population with a college degree, and population growth in metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) in the U.S. In this paper, I corroborate that the human capital-growth connection is indeed statistically significant, although much weaker than previously thought. The evidence suggests that the main reason behind this bias lies on endogeneity issues that have not been thoroughly addressed in the literature. In particular, omitting lagged MSA growth in regressions of current MSA growth on human capital overestimates the impact of skills by 100 per cent. Given that past growth has been shown to be one of the main drivers of current MSA growth (Glaeser 1994a), omitting the former variable in growth-education regressions would bias our human capital estimates upwards. Upon further examination, however, I show that MSA-specific fixed effects explain away the alleged impact of past on current growth. This suggests that the individual characteristics of the city that made it grow in the first place, and not lagged MSA growth per se, are what drives future MSA growth. Yet, even after accounting for these MSA-specific fixed effects, the impact of human capital on MSA growth does not disappear: my estimates suggest that a decadal increase of 10 per cent in the share of the adult population with a college degree translates into a rise of between 3 and up to 5 per cent in the MSA population growth rate during the same period. Finally, instrumental variable regressions strongly support the direction from skills to growth, abating potential reverse causality concerns.human capital, urban growth, skills, education, population changes

El cáncer

Con este libro, los autores, presentan los niveles técnicos y científicos alcanzados por la medicina especializada, en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta enfermedad tan antigua como el hombr

Do smart cities grow faster?

Previous studies have found a strong positive correlation between human capital, measured as the share of the adult population with a college degree, and population growth in metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) in the U.S. In this paper, I corroborate that the human capital-growth connection is indeed statistically significant, although much weaker than previously thought. The evidence suggests that the main reason behind this bias lies on endogeneity issues that have not been thoroughly addressed in the literature. In particular, omitting lagged MSA growth in regressions of current MSA growth on human capital overestimates the impact of skills by 100 per cent. Given that past growth has been shown to be one of the main drivers of current MSA growth (Glaeser 1994a), omitting the former variable in growth-education regressions would bias our human capital estimates upwards. Upon further examination, however, I show that MSA-specific fixed effects explain away the alleged impact of past on current growth. This suggests that the individual characteristics of the city that made it grew in the first place, and not lagged MSA growth per se, are what drives future MSA growth. Yet, even after accounting for these MSA-specific fixed effects, the impact of human capital on MSA growth does not disappear: my estimates suggest that a decadal increase of 10 per cent in the share of the adult population with a college degree translates into a rise of between 3 and up to 5 per cent in the MSA population growth rate during the same period. Finally, instrumental variable regressions strongly support the direction from skills to growth, abating potential reverse causality concerns

Do smart cities grow faster?

Previous studies have found a strong positive correlation between human capital, measured as the share of the adult population with a college degree, and population growth in metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) in the U.S. In this paper, I corroborate that the human capital-growth connection is indeed statistically significant, although much weaker than previously thought. The evidence suggests that the main reason behind this bias lies on endogeneity issues that have not been thoroughly addressed in the literature. In particular, omitting lagged MSA growth in regressions of current MSA growth on human capital overestimates the impact of skills by 100 per cent. Given that past growth has been shown to be one of the main drivers of current MSA growth (Glaeser 1994a), omitting the former variable in growth-education regressions would bias our human capital estimates upwards. Upon further examination, however, I show that MSA-specific fixed effects explain away the alleged impact of past on current growth. This suggests that the individual characteristics of the city that made it grew in the first place, and not lagged MSA growth per se, are what drives future MSA growth. Yet, even after accounting for these MSA-specific fixed effects, the impact of human capital on MSA growth does not disappear: my estimates suggest that a decadal increase of 10 per cent in the share of the adult population with a college degree translates into a rise of between 3 and up to 5 per cent in the MSA population growth rate during the same period. Finally, instrumental variable regressions strongly support the direction from skills to growth, abating potential reverse causality concerns

CONSUMO DE MACRONUTRIMENTOS E INGRESO ECONÓMICO EN FAMILIAS DE NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO

Diseñar el índice de consumo de macronutrimentos y establecer la posible asociación con el ingreso económico en familias del Estado de Nuevo León, México. Estudio observacional, transversal, se seleccionaron 7,607 familias pertenecientes al estudio nutricional Diagnostico Nutriológico De Las Familias Y Menores De 5 Años De Edad Del Estado De Nuevo León En El 2000. Para el diseño del índice se tomaron tres indicadores, la adecuación de la ingesta de proteínas, hidratos de carbono y grasas, obtenidos por la ingesta de estos nutrimentos a nivel familiar en relación a las ingestas recomendadas obtenidas por la metodología (CEPAL/OMS), utilizando las recomendaciones del INN para población mexicana. Para evaluar si había asociación entre el índice de consumo de macronutrimentos y el ingreso económico se utilizó Prueba de Ji2 y Correlación de Pearson. El estrato medio de ingreso contiene al 72%, el 20% están contenidas en el estrato bajo y el en estrato alto se ubica solo un 8.0%. El ICM en las 7,606 familias mostró que el 44.6% de las familias encuestadas tienen un ICM bajo, el 38.6% tiene un ICM en exceso y el 16.8% tienen ICM adecuado. El ICM está asociado al ingreso. El Índice de consumo de macronutrimentos puede ser una herramienta útil para identificar poblaciones o grupos de personas en riesgo nutricio basado en la calidad de la dieta. El ICM está asociado al ingreso monetario en las familias estudiadas.Palabras clave: Índice de macronutrimentos, ingreso, familias.Macronutrients Consumption Index, economic income, familie

Redes semánticas naturales sobre la práctica del psicólogo en escuelas públicas federales = (Natural semantic networks about the practice of the psychologist in federal public schools)

Resumen: El estudio tiene como objetivo conocer la representación subjetiva que tienen maestros y directivos de escuelas públicas federales sobre el trabajo del psicólogo en la institución educativa. Es un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, se utilizó como técnica las redes semánticas naturales. La muestra fue por conveniencia, participaron 218 sujetos. Los resultados más significativos nos indican que el núcleo de la representación subjetiva que tienen maestros y directivos sobre el psicólogo y su práctica está constituida primordialmente como la de un profesional que tiene como funciones apoyar, ayudar, orientar y guiar a la comunidad educativa. El concepto con mayor densidad del valor G, fue prejuicios con una G de 12.1. El concepto con menor densidad es objetivo con una G de 65.1. Lo cual nos indica que tienen prejuicios importantes en referencia al trabajo del psicólogo y que no hay una claridad sobre los objetivos que desempeña en la escuela. Abstract: The study aims to determine the subjective representation that teachers and administrators of federal public schools have about psychologists work at the educational institution. It is a descriptive exploratory study; it was used the natural semantic networks technique. It was used a convenience sample, involving 218 subjects. The most significant results indicate that the core of the subjective representation that teachers and administrators have about the psychologist and his practice consists primarily in the fact that it is a professional whose functions are giving support, help, guide and that leads the educational community. The concept with the highest density of G value was prejudice with a 12.1 G. The concept with the lowest density was objective with a 65.1 G. This tells us that they have substantial prejudice in reference to the work of the psychologist and that there is no clarity on the objectives that he plays at school

CAMBIOS EN LA CALIDAD DE LA DIETA EN FAMILIAS DE UN ESTADO DEL NORESTE DE MEXICO; ANALISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA INGESTA DE NUTRIMENTOS

La evaluación de la ingesta de energía y nutrientes es esencial en el estudio del estado nutricional de grupos vulnerables al contribuir a la identificación de riesgos nutricionales, el propósito de la investigación, fue determinar si había diferencias en el Índice de Ingesta de Macronutrimentos en familias de Nuevo León en el año 2005 con respecto al año 2000. Solo se encontró aumento en la ingesta promedio de las grasas (p<0.05), asimismo, fue el único macronutrimento que rebasó la recomendación con respecto a la proporción que le corresponde en el aporte de la energía consumida, se encontraron diferencias significativas en la adecuación de las ingestas a las ingestas recomendadas en proteínas (p<0.05) e hidratos de carbono (p<0.05), asimismo se encontraron disminución en la proporción de familias con ingesta deficiente (p<0.05) y aumento en estrato de exceso (p<0.05). El índice de macronutrimentos fue útil para determinar los cambios ocurridos en la calidad de la dieta de las familias estudiadas de manera global. Abstract The evaluation of energy intake and nutrients is essential to study the nutritional status of vulnerable groups to assist in the identification of nutritional risk, the purpose of the research was to determine whether there were differences in macronutrient intake index in families of Nuevo Leon in 2005 compared to 2000. There was only increased the average intake of fat (p <0.05) also was the only macronutrient that exceeded the recommendation with respect to the proportional interest in the contribution of energy consumed, significant differences in the adaptation intakes than the recommended intake of protein (p <0.05) and carbohydrates (p <0.05), also found a decrease in the proportion of families with inadequate intake (p <0.05) and increased excess layer (p <0.05). The rate of macronutrients was useful in determining changes in the quality of the diet of the families studied comprehensively. Palabras clave: ingesta, nutrimentos, calidad de diet