EFFECT OF BENZOIN RESIN ON THE SERUM BILIRUBIN LEVELS IN TEMPORARY JAUNDICE INDUCED BY PHENYLHYDRAZINE: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

Bilirubin is the degradation product of heme, thebulk of which is derived from hemoglobin of senescenterythrocytes and hepatic hemoproteins. Bilirubin ispotentially toxic, but is normally rendered harmless bybinding to plasma albumin, and efficient hepatic clearance.Jaundice, (also known as icterus) is a yellowishpigmentation of the skin, the conjunctival membranes overthe sclerae (whites of the eyes), and other mucousmembranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia (increased levelsof bilirubin in the blood). Complications of jaundiceinclude sepsis especially cholangitis, biliary cirrhosis,pancreatitis, coagulopathy, renal and liver failure.Treatment of rats with Phenylhydrazine 5 mg/ kg bodyweight for five days resulted in the development ofjaundice as BR level was found to be higher than 2 mg/dL.Bilirubin lowering potential of Benzoin ethyl alcoholextract was evaluated in temporarily jaundiced adultwistar rats. Treatment of these rats with Benzoin extractfor seven days reduced the BR level significantly to thenormal value. Whereas smaller dose (10mg/kg bodyweight) resulted in the reduction in BR level from 2.51 ±0.02 to 0.90 ± 0.01 mg/dL, higher doses of 20 and 40mg/kg body weight were found to be more effective inreducing the bilirubin level from 2.54 ± 0.01 to 0.82 ±0.01 mg/dL and from 2.49±0.02 to 0.66±0.01 mg/dL,respectively. Therefore, Benzoin ethyl alcohol extract canbe used to reduce bilirubin concentration to a normal levelin jaundiced subjects

Design, Analysis, and Optimization of a Radioisotope Thermophotovoltaic (RTPV) Generator, and its Applicability to an Illustrative Space Mission

Paper presented at the 45th Congress of the IAF in Jerusalem, Israel, October 1994. The paper describes the results of a DOE-sponsored design study of a radioisotope thermophotovoltaic generator (RTPV), to complement similar studies of Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) and Stirling Generators (RSGs) previously published by the authors. To focus the design effort, it was decided to direct it at a specific illustrative space mission, Pluto Fast Flyby (PFF). That mission, under study by the JPL, envisages a direct eight to nine-year flight to Pluto (the only unexplored planet in the solar system), followed by comprehensive mapping, surface composition, and atmospheric structure measurements during a brief flyby of the planet and its moon Charon, and transmission of the recorded science data to Earth during a six-week post-encounter cruise

Radioisotope Thermophotovoltaic (RTPV) Generator and Its Application to the Pluto Fast Flyby Mission

This paper describes the results of a DOE-sponsored design study of a radioisotope thermophotovoltaic generator. Instead of conducting a generic study, it was decided to focus the design by directing it at a specific space mission, Pluto Fast Flyby (PFF). That mission, under study by JPL, envisages a direct eight-year flight to Pluto (the only unexplored planet in the solar system), followed by comprehensive mapping, surface composition, and atmospheric structure measurements during a brief flyby of the planet and its moon Charon, and transmission of the recorded science data to Earth during a one-year post-encounter cruise. Because of Pluto's long distance from the sun (30-50 A.U.) and the mission's large energy demand, JPL has baselined the use of a radioisotope power system for the PFF spacecraft. The chief advantage of Radioisotope Thermophotovoltaic (RTPV) power systems over current Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) is their much higher conversion efficiency, which greatly reduces the mass and cost of the required radioisotope heat source. Those attributes are particularly important for the PFF mission, which - like all NASA missions under current consideration - is severely mass- and cost-limited. The paper describes the design of the radioisotope heat source, the thermophotovoltaic converter, and the heat rejection system; and presents the results of the thermal, electrical, and structural analysis and the design optimization of the integrated RTPV system. It briefly summarizes the RTPV system's current technology status, and lists a number of factors that my greatly reduce the need for long-term tests to demonstrate generator lifetime. Our analytical results show very substantial performance improvements over an RTG designed for the same mission, and suggest that the RTPV generator, when developed by DOE and/or NASA, would be quite valuable not only for the PFF mission but also for other future missions requiring small, long-lived, low-mass generators. There is a duplicate copy

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Synthesis of isoxazoles via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions and their antimicrobial activity

The ethyl acetoacetate reacts with the nitrile imines generated in situ by the catalytic dehydrogenation of diphenyl hydrazones using chloramine-T (CAT) to afford regioselective cycloadducts in 80% yields respectively. The structures of these compounds have been characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. All the pyrazole derivatives have been tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities

Thiadiazoles: Molecules of diverse applications -A review

Thiadiazoles are an important class of heterocyclic compounds that exhibit diverse applications in organic synthesis, pharmaceutical and biological applications. They also known to useful as oxidation inhibitors, cyanine dyes, metal chelating agents, anti-corrosion agents. Attracted by their broad spectrum of applications; researchers across the globe are working on this moiety and consequently have been instrumental in the advancement of thiadiazole chemistry. This review article provides up to date information about developments, exploration of new methods, synthetic strategies, techniques adopted for the synthesis of thiadiazoles and their diverse pharmaceutical activities, structure-activity relationship of the most potent compounds and physical properties. This article can act as an important tool for organic and medicinal chemists to develop newer compounds possessing thiadiazole moiety that could be better agents in terms of efficacy and safety