ANATOMICAL AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF SIRAVYADHA IN RELATION WITH MARMAS OF UPPER LIMB

The science of Ayurveda is well recognized system of medicine which have unique specialty in the field of Shalyathanthra. The concepts of Ayurveda Shareera evolved 3000yrs ago. Because of generation gap concepts appear to be misinterpreted or not fully developed. At this junction it is our moral duty to take up such studies to understand the concepts clearly and to pass on knowledge to younger generation. It is one of the Para surgical procedure denoting letting of blood outside the body. Different modalities of Rakthamokshana are adopted according to Dosha avastha and Athura avastha. Siravyadha is one of the types of Rakthamokshana by Sasthravacharana. So as to explain its significance a stanza of Su.Sha 8/23 is sufficient. Acharya Sushrutha has given same importance of Dosha to Raktha also, where in many places he has classified many diseases as Rakthaja also. Siravyadha is often recommended as Shodhana chikitsa for such diseases. In the Sushruta Samhita Sharirastana 8th Chapter particular anatomical sites especially the Marma sthanas are recommended as anatomical landmarks for Siravyadhana in Particular diseases. So this study helps to explore the Anatomical & Clinical relevance of Siravyadha on the basis of available literatures. So a creative and logical approach has been done to locate Siras for Siravyadha in Particular disease with Pathophysiological interpretation. So it can be concluded that Siravyadha is effective modality of treatment in many diseases. So the study taken up here is Anatomical and Clinical Relevance of Siravyadha in Relation with Marmas of Upper Limb

Potential for non-combustible nicotine products to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in smoking: a systematic review and synthesis of best available evidence

While some experts have emphasised the potential for e-cigarettes to facilitate cessation among smokers with low socioeconomic status (SES), there is limited evidence of their likely equity impact. We assessed the potential for electronic cigarettes and other non-combustible nicotine-containing products (NCNPs) to reduce inequalities in smoking by systematically reviewing evidence on their use by SES in countries at stage IV of the cigarette epidemic

Proper-orthogonal decomposition of spatio-temporal patterns in fluidized beds. [doi

Abstract Numerical simulations of the hydrodynamics of a fluidized bed are carried out to investigate the complex interaction between the gas and the solid particles, and to explore the utility of a reduced order model based on the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). The behavior of a fluidized bed is modeled using a "twofluids" theory, which involves conservation of mass, momentum, energy and species equations for the two interpenetrating continua. These equations are solved using a numerical algorithm that employs a conservative discretization scheme with mixed implicit and explicit formulations. We conducted simulations of gas-solids interaction in a narrow (two-dimensional) bed filled with sand particles which was uniformly fluidized at minimum fluidization but with additional air flow through a central nozzle. Aided by the proper orthogonal decomposition, spatial dominant features are identified and separated from the spatio-temporal dynamics of the simulations. The most dynamic region of the gas-solids interaction is confined to the central channel caused by the jet. The flow within this structure is successfully captured by a few POD eigenfunctions. Phase-space plots further indicate the existence of low-dimensional dynamics within the central channel. This conclusion supports the validity of a reduced order model for fluidized beds, which can then be constructed by projecting the governing equations onto the POD modes, as it is commonly done in the Galerkin method

Validation and Application of a Kinetic Model for Downdraft Biomass Gasification Simulation

Biomass gasification is widely recognized as an effective method to obtain renewable energy. To accurately predict the syngas and tar compositions is a challenge. A chemical reaction kinetics model based on comprehensive gasification kinetics is proposed to simulate downdraft biomass gasification. The kinetic model is validated by direct comparison to experimental results of two downdraft gasifiers available in the literature and is found to be more accurate than the widely used Gibbs energy-minimizing model (GEM model). The kinetic model is then applied to investigate the effects of equivalence ratio (ER), gasification temperature, biomass moisture content, and biomass composition on syngas and tar production. Accurate water-gas shift and CO shift reaction kinetics are found critical to achieve good agreement with experimental results

Virtual Simulation of Vision 21 Energy Plants

The Vision 21 Energy plants will be designed by combining several individual power, chemical, and fuel-conversion technologies. These independently developed technologies or technology modules can be interchanged and combined to form the complete Vision 21 plant that achieves the needed level of efficiency and environmental performance at affordable costs. The knowledge about each technology module must be captured in computer models so that the models can be linked together to simulate the entire Vision 21 power plant in a Virtual Simulation environment. Eventually the Virtual Simulation will find application in conceptual design, final design, plant operation and control, and operator training. In this project we take the first step towards developing such a Vision 21 Simulator. There are two main knowledge domains of a plant--the process domain (what is in the pipes), and the physical domain (the pipes and equipment that make up the plant). Over the past few decades, commercial software tools have been developed for each of these functions. However, there are three main problems that inhibit the design and operation of power plants: (1) Many of these tools, largely developed for chemicals and refining, have not been widely adopted in the power industry. (2) Tools are not integrated across functions. For example, the knowledge represented by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of equipment is not used in process-level simulations. (3) No tool exists for readily integrating the design and behavioral knowledge about components. These problems must be overcome to develop the Vision 21 Simulator. In this project our major objective is to achieve a seamless integration of equipment-level and process-level models and apply the integrated software to power plant simulations. Specifically we are developing user-friendly tools for linking process models (Aspen Plus) with detailed equipment models (FLUENT CFD and other proprietary models). Such integration will ensure that consistent and complete knowledge about the process is used for design and optimization. The technical objectives of the current project are the following: Develop a software integration tool called the V21-Controller to mediate the information exchange between FLUENT, other detailed equipment models, and Aspen Plus. Define and publish software interfaces so that software and equipment vendors may integrate their computer models into the software developed in this project. Demonstrate the application of the integrated software with two power plant simulations, one for a conventional steam plant and another for an advanced power cycle. The project was started in October 2000. Highlights of the accomplishments during the first year of the project are the following: Formed a multi-disciplinary project team consisting of chemical and mechanical engineers; computer scientists; CFD, process simulation, and plant design software developers; and power plant designers. Developed a prototype of CFD and process model integration: a stirred tank reactor model based on FLUENT was inserted into a flow sheet model based on Aspen Plus. The prototype was used to show the effect of shaft speed (a parameter in the CFD model) on the product yield and purity (results of process simulation). This demonstrated the optimization of an equipment item in the context of the entire plant rather than in isolation. Conducted a user survey and wrote the User Requirements, Software Requirements and Software Design documents for the V21-Controller. Adopted CAPE-OPEN standard interfaces for communications between equipment and process models. Developed a preliminary version of the V21-Controller based on CAPE-OPEN interfaces. Selected one unit of an existing conventional steam plant (Richmond Power & Light) as the first demonstration case and developed an Aspen Plus model of the steam-side of the unit. A model for the gas-side of the unit, based on ALSTOM's proprietary model INDVU, was integrated with the Aspen Plus model. An industrial Advisory Board was formed to guide the software development effort and one Advisory Board meeting was conducted. Because we are integrating widely used commercial software (Aspen Plus and FLUENT) we expect that the results of the project will find immediate commercial applications at the conclusion of the project. The future activities planned are the following: Complete and test the V21-Controller and complete the integration between process-level and equipment-level models. Conduct power plant Demonstration Case 1 simulations with the integrated software suite. Select power plant Demonstration Case 2 and conduct simulations. Prepare a mock up of a 3-D plant walk through to assess the integration of process and physical domain software in a future phase of the project