Dissenting Shareholders\u27 Statutory Right to Fair Cash Value

On October 30, 1981, the opening salvo in what became the largest action for relief to dissenting shareholders in the judicial history of Ohio was launched.\u27 It took six long years for the smoke to clear, but by elucidating a theoretically and practicably cogent analysis of the Ohio appraisal statute, the Armstrong case has provided plentiful ammunition for the lower courts in Ohio to combat the inevitable onslaught of dissenting shareholders resulting from the proliferation of corporate takeovers

An electron jet pump: The Venturi effect of a Fermi liquid

A three-terminal device based on a two-dimensional electron system is investigated in the regime of non-equilibrium transport. Excited electrons scatter with the cold Fermi sea and transfer energy and momentum to other electrons. A geometry analogous to a water jet pump is used to create a jet pump for electrons. Because of its phenomenological similarity we name the observed behavior "electronic Venturi effect".Comment: Journal of Applied Physics Special Topic: Plenary and Invited Papers from the 30th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, Seoul, Korea, 2010; http://link.aip.org/link/?JAP/109/10241

Relaxation of hot electrons in a degenerate two-dimensional electron system: transition to one-dimensional scattering

The energy relaxation channels of hot electrons far from thermal equilibrium in a degenerate two-dimensional electron system are investigated in transport experiments in a mesoscopic three-terminal device. We observe a transition from two dimensions at zero magnetic field to quasi--one-dimensional scattering of the hot electrons in a strong magnetic field. In the two-dimensional case electron-electron scattering is the dominant relaxation mechanism, while the emission of optical phonons becomes more and more important as the magnetic field is increased. The observation of up to 11 optical phonons emitted per hot electron allows us to determine the onset energy of LO phonons in GaAs at cryogenic temperatures with a high precision, \eph=36.0\pm0.1\,meV. Numerical calculations of electron-electron scattering and the emission of optical phonons underline our interpretation in terms of a transition to one-dimensional dynamics.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figure

The N Terminus of Adhesion G Protein–Coupled Receptor GPR126/ ADGRG6 as Allosteric Force Integrator

The adhesion G protein–coupled receptor (aGPCR) GPR126/ADGRG6 plays an important role in several physiological functions, such as myelination or peripheral nerve repair. This renders the receptor an attractive pharmacological target. GPR126 is a mechano-sensor that translates the binding of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules to its N terminus into a metabotropic intracellular signal. To date, the structural requirements and the character of the forces needed for this ECM-mediated receptor activation are largely unknown. In this study, we provide this information by combining classic second-messenger detection with single-cell atomic force microscopy. We established a monoclonal antibody targeting the N terminus to stimulate GPR126 and compared it to the activation through its known ECM ligands, collagen IV and laminin 211. As each ligand uses a distinct mode of action, the N terminus can be regarded as an allosteric module that can fine-tune receptor activation in a context-specific manner

Improved Detection of Foreign Bodies on Radiographs Using X-ray Dark-Field and Phase-Contrast Imaging

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the detection of foreign bodies can be improved using dark-field and phase-contrast radiography compared with conventional (transmission) radiographs. Materials and Methods: Experiments were performed using ex vivo pig paws, which were prepared with differently sized foreign bodies of metal, wood, and glass (n = 10 each). Paws without foreign bodies served as controls (n = 30). All images were acquired using an experimental grating-based large object radiography system. Five blinded readers (second- to fourth-year radiology residents) were asked to assess the presence or absence of any foreign body. Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of metal, wood, glass, and any foreign body were calculated and compared using McNemar test and generalized linear mixed models. Results: Sensitivity for the detection of metal foreign bodies was 100% for all readers and image combinations. The sensitivity for the detection of wooden foreign bodies increased from 2% for transmission images to 78% when dark-field images were added (P < 0.0001). For glass foreign bodies, sensitivity increased from 84% for transmission images to 96% when adding phase-contrast images (P = 0.041). Sensitivity for the detection of any foreign body was 91% when transmission, dark-field, and phase-contrast images were viewed simultaneously, compared with 62% for transmission images alone (P < 0.0001). Specificity was 99% to 100% across all readers and radiography modalities. Conclusions: Adding dark-field images substantially improves the detection of wooden foreign bodies compared with the analysis of conventional (transmission) radiographs alone. Detection of glass foreign bodies was moderately improved when adding phase-contrast images

Sry delivery to the adrenal medulla increases blood pressure and adrenal medullary tyrosine hydroxylase of normotensive WKY rats

BACKGROUND: Our laboratory has shown that a locus on the SHR Y chromosome increases blood pressure (BP) in the SHR rat and in WKY rats that had the SHR Y chromosome locus crossed into their genome (SHR/y rat). A potential candidate for this Y chromosome hypertension locus is Sry, a gene that encodes a transcription factor that is responsible for testes development and the Sry protein may affect other target genes. METHODS: The following study examined if exogenous Sry would elevate adrenal Th, adrenal catecholamines, plasma catecholamines and blood pressure. We delivered 10 μg of either the expression construct, Sry1/pcDNA 3.1, or control vector into the adrenal medulla of WKY rats by electroporation. Blood pressure was measured by the tail cuff technique and Th and catecholamines by HPLC with electrochemical detection. RESULTS: In the animals receiving Sry there were significant increases after 3 weeks in resting plasma NE (57%) and adrenal Th content (49%) compared to vector controls. BP was 30 mmHg higher in Sry injected animals (160 mmHg, p < .05) compared to vector controls (130 mmHg) after 2–3 weeks. Histological analysis showed that the electroporation procedure did not produce morphological damage. CONCLUSION: These results provide continued support that Sry is a candidate gene for hypertension. Also, these results are consistent with a role for Sry in increasing BP by directly or indirectly activating sympathetic nervous system activity

Mild Electrical Stimulation with Heat Shock Ameliorates Insulin Resistance via Enhanced Insulin Signaling

Low-intensity electrical current (or mild electrical stimulation; MES) influences signal transduction and activates phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Because insulin resistance is characterized by a marked reduction in insulin-stimulated PI3K-mediated activation of Akt, we asked whether MES could increase Akt phosphorylation and ameliorate insulin resistance. In addition, it was also previously reported that heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) alleviates hyperglycemia. Thus, we applied MES in combination with heat shock (HS) to in vitro and in vivo models of insulin resistance. Here we show that 10-min treatment with MES at 5 V (0.1 ms pulse duration) together with HS at 42°C increased the phosphorylation of insulin signaling molecules such as insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and Akt in HepG2 cells maintained in high-glucose medium. MES (12 V)+mild HS treatment of high fat-fed mice also increased the phosphorylation of insulin receptor β subunit (IRβ) and Akt in mice liver. In high fat-fed mice and db/db mice, MES+HS treatment for 10 min applied twice a week for 12–15 weeks significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and insulin levels and improved insulin sensitivity. The treated mice showed significantly lower weight of visceral and subcutaneous fat, a markedly improved fatty liver and decreased size of adipocytes. Our findings indicated that the combination of MES and HS alleviated insulin resistance and improved fat metabolism in diabetes mouse models, in part, by enhancing the insulin signaling pathway