Estudio del transporte y embalaje del banano en la zona bananera del magdalena

A través de esta investigación obtuvimos la información relacionada con la actividad transportadora en este género, su medio, forma,etc, proporcionando así la rapidez y eficiencia necesarias para la llegada del producto al mercado y por consiguiente, al consumidor final en óptimas condiciones, mediante el cumplimiento de las normas aprobadas para su comercialización. El banano, en sus numerosas variedades, se cultiva en la mayoría de los países tropicales y subtropicales del mundo y constituye una importante fuente de nutrición. En muchos países, toda la producción es consumida localmente. Se desconoce el volumen de la propiedad mundial total, ya que las estadísticas relativas a la producción son, en el mejor de los casos, imprecisas. No obstante, se calcula que la producción ha ascendido 90 millones de toneladas como mínimo en 1994. La producción de bananos para la exportación en cantidades comerciales quedó limitada a 20 ó 30 países, según lo que se entienda por "cantidades comerciales". Brasil, el principal productor mundial, sólo le correspondió el 1% aproximadamente de las exportaciones mundiales totales

Inhibition of inflammatory signaling in Pax5 mutant cells mitigates B-cell leukemogenesis

Altres ajuts: We would like to thank the "Fundación Ramón Areces," a Research Contract with the "Fundación Síndrome de Wolf-Hirschhorn o 4p-", and institutional grants from the "Fundación Ramón Areces" and "Banco de Santander" to the CBMSO. Research in the ISG group is partially supported by by Junta de Castilla y León (UIC-017, CSI001U16, and CSI234P18), and by the German Jose Carreras Foundation (DJCLS R13/26; DJCLS 07R/2019). AC-G and M.I.-H. are supported by FSE-Conserjería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León 2019 and 2020 (ESF- European Social Fund) fellowship, respectively. J.R.-G. is supported by a scholarship from University of Salamanca co-financed by Banco Santander and ESF.PAX5 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and children with inherited preleukemic PAX5 mutations are at a higher risk of developing the disease. Abnormal profiles of inflammatory markers have been detected in neonatal blood spot samples of children who later developed B-ALL. However, how inflammatory signals contribute to B-ALL development is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Pax5 heterozygosis, in the presence of infections, results in the enhanced production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), which appears to act in an autocrine fashion to promote leukemia growth. Furthermore, in vivo genetic downregulation of IL-6 in these Pax5 heterozygous mice retards B-cell leukemogenesis, and in vivo pharmacologic inhibition of IL-6 with a neutralizing antibody in Pax5 mutant mice with B-ALL clears leukemic cells. Additionally, this novel IL-6 signaling paradigm identified in mice was also substantiated in humans. Altogether, our studies establish aberrant IL6 expression caused by Pax5 loss as a hallmark of Pax5-dependent B-ALL and the IL6 as a therapeutic vulnerability for B-ALL characterized by PAX5 loss

Associations between eating speed, diet quality, adiposity, and cardiometabolic risk factors

Objective: To assess the associations between eating speed, adiposity, cardiometabolic risk factors, and diet quality in a cohort of Spanish preschool-children. Study design: A cross-sectional study in 1371 preschool age children (49% girls; mean age, 4.8 ± 1.0 years) from the Childhood Obesity Risk Assessment Longitudinal Study (CORALS) cohort was conducted. After exclusions, 956 participants were included in the analyses. The eating speed was estimated by summing the total minutes used in each of the 3 main meals and then categorized into slow, moderate, or fast. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were fitted to assess the β-coefficient, or OR and 95% CI, between eating speed and body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass index (FMI), blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and lipid profile. Results: Compared with participants in the slow-eating category, those in the fast-eating category had a higher prevalence risk of overweight/obesity (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.8-4.4; P < .01); larger waist circumference (β, 2.6 cm; 95% CI, 1.5-3.8 cm); and greater FMI (β, 0.3 kg/m2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.5 kg/m2), systolic blood pressure (β, 2.8 mmHg; 95% CI, 0.6-4.9 mmHg), and fasting plasma glucose levels (β, 2.7 mg/dL, 95% CI, 1.2-4.2 mg/dL) but lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet (β, −0.5 points; 95% CI, −0.9 to −0.1 points). Conclusions: Eating fast is associated with higher adiposity, certain cardiometabolic risk factors, and lower adherence to a Mediterranean diet. Further long-term and interventional studies are warranted to confirm these associations

Memorias

8 ref. Sum. (En)Agricultural production in Latin America has increased by about 3 percent per annum during the last 25 years. Low crop yields in soils unsuitable for permanent agriculture and rapidly growing human population (2,9 percent p.a.) both worsen a precarious agricultural economy. The oil crisis has raised the cost of farm inputs so much that, in areas having a small landholding structure, farming is no longer profitable. Good land management in areas of steep slopes, infertile soils, with excessive rainfall, or other significant restrictions is a serious problem for rural populations with limited resources. A land classification for Latin America shows: 5,8 percent (120 million ha) of arable land, forests, bush and permanent grass land 24,3 percent for extensive grazing and 48,7 percent remaining under natural vegetation. The potentially usable land amounts to 524 million ha (25 percent of total land) of which 53 percent has soils of low productivity or which are poorly drained. Only 100 million ha (20 percent of potentially usable land) occupy alluvial soils suitable for intensive crop production. On the other hand, in Central America 64 percent of all land (32 million ha) is regarded as "marginal", that is to say, not suitable for profitable permanent agriculture or pasture. The facts summarized above, demand that we consider more efficient methods of land use, more in harmony with the general environment and which should exploit soil resources currently not fully utilized. The concept of Multiple Land Use, which seeks to use all parts of an ecosystem simultaneously in an integrated harmonious manner, seeMON particularly suited to regions suffering from the described limitations to agricultural production

Factores edáficos en las combinaciones agroforestales [manejo del suelo, agroforestería].

22 ref. Sum. (En, Es) También en microficha *IICA, Turrialba (Costa Rica)

El laurel (Cordia alliodora); una especie forestal prometedora para el tr?pico americano: evidencias en Colombia y Costa Rica

Como consecuencia de la alarmante destrucci?n del bosque natural en Am?rica Tropical, se plantea la necesidad de reforestar con especies forestales de r?pido crecimiento como laurel (Cordia alliodora). Se indican los requisitos para emprender programas exitosos de reforestaci?n. Se comentan aspectos t?cnicos (disponibilidad de semillas, los bancos de semillas, los viveros forestales, las zonas reforestales y la investigaci?n) y econ?micos (Producci?n comercial, incentivos, manejo silvicultural) que merecen evaluarse en programas de reforestaci?n comercial en regiones tropicales. Se ilustran estos aspectos con ejemplos sobre el crecimiento del laurel en dos pa?ses tropicales: Colombia y Costa Rica. Se llama la atenci?n sobre el alto valor comercial de esta especie cuando est? asociada con cafetales tradicionales. Se concluye que con el conocimiento actual sobre la silvicultura de la especie y los programas en marcha de mejoramiento gen?tico, la reforestaci?n con laurel en el tr?pico americano es muy promisoria

P?rdidas de bioelementos al talar un bosque lluvioso tropical

3 ilus. 3 tab. 19 ref.Se transform? un bosque lluvioso tropical con un capial de bioelementos conocido, en un barbecho con y sin quemas y se registraron los cambios resultantes en las propiedades del suelo y en la reserva de nutrimentos. El n?mero restringido de r?plicas y la gran variaci?n local especialmente de la capa org?nica dentro del bosque, no permite dar m?s que un intervalo de las p?rdidas de bioelementos infligidas al ecosistema forestal por tumba, quema y cultivos durante un a?o. Las p?rdidas en los cationes intercambiables son del orden de 60-140 kg K/ha , 100-240 kg Ca/ha y 30-80 kg Mg/ha. Estas p?rdidas pueden compensarse con la precipitaci?n en rastrojos secundarios suficientemente vigorosos, s?lo durante per?odos de barbecho comparativamente largos (10-20 a?os). Los 1300 a 1400 kg N/ha que se pierden en la vegetaci?n y en el suelo (con distribuci?n variable y relaciones C/N dependientes de los tratamientos), parecen ser m?s f?cilmente compensados por tasas de fijaci?n de 100 a 150 kg/ha/a?o. Estas ?ltimas cifras se derivan de un estudio comparativo de algunos sitios de pastizales secundarios y barbechos con condiciones similares de suelo

Un estudio de caso sobre pr?cticas agroforestales tradicionales en el tr?pico h?medo: el proyecto La Suiza [Costa Rica, cultivos mixtos].

2 mapas 20 ref. Sum. (En, Es)

Inhibition of inflammatory signaling in Pax5 mutant cells mitigates B-cell leukemogenesis

Altres ajuts: We would like to thank the "Fundación Ramón Areces," a Research Contract with the "Fundación Síndrome de Wolf-Hirschhorn o 4p-", and institutional grants from the "Fundación Ramón Areces" and "Banco de Santander" to the CBMSO. Research in the ISG group is partially supported by by Junta de Castilla y León (UIC-017, CSI001U16, and CSI234P18), and by the German Jose Carreras Foundation (DJCLS R13/26; DJCLS 07R/2019). AC-G and M.I.-H. are supported by FSE-Conserjería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León 2019 and 2020 (ESF- European Social Fund) fellowship, respectively. J.R.-G. is supported by a scholarship from University of Salamanca co-financed by Banco Santander and ESF.PAX5 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and children with inherited preleukemic PAX5 mutations are at a higher risk of developing the disease. Abnormal profiles of inflammatory markers have been detected in neonatal blood spot samples of children who later developed B-ALL. However, how inflammatory signals contribute to B-ALL development is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Pax5 heterozygosis, in the presence of infections, results in the enhanced production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), which appears to act in an autocrine fashion to promote leukemia growth. Furthermore, in vivo genetic downregulation of IL-6 in these Pax5 heterozygous mice retards B-cell leukemogenesis, and in vivo pharmacologic inhibition of IL-6 with a neutralizing antibody in Pax5 mutant mice with B-ALL clears leukemic cells. Additionally, this novel IL-6 signaling paradigm identified in mice was also substantiated in humans. Altogether, our studies establish aberrant IL6 expression caused by Pax5 loss as a hallmark of Pax5-dependent B-ALL and the IL6 as a therapeutic vulnerability for B-ALL characterized by PAX5 loss