A probabilistic approach to reduce the route establishment overhead in AODV algorithm for manet

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETS) is a collection of wireless nodes without any infrastructure support. The nodes in MANET can act as either router or source and the control of the network is distributed among nodes. The nodes in MANETS are highly mobile and it maintains dynamic interconnection between those mobile nodes. MANTEs have been considered as isolated stand-alone network. This can turn the dream of networking "at any time and at any where" into reality. The main purpose of this paper is to study the issues in route discovery process in AODV protocol for MANET. Flooding of route request message imposes major concern in route establishment. This paper suggests a new approach to reduce the routing overhead during the route discovery phase. By considering the previous behaviour of the network, the new protocol reduces the unwanted searches during route establishment processComment: International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems (IJDPS) Vol.3, No.2, March 201

Satellite based potential fishing zone (PFZ) advisories - acceptance levels and benefits derived by the user community along the Kerala coast

Intensive validation studies of potential fishing zone (PFZ) advisories generated using integration of ocean colour monitor (OCM) derived chlorophyll concentration and advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) derived sea surface temperatures (SST) were undertaken by the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) along Kerala coast during the period 2003-2011. There is a positive relationship between PFZ advisories and occurrence/abundance of commercially important pelagic fishes such as oilsardine, Indian mackerel, anchovies, carangids and coastal tunas. Fishing operations undertaken on or closer to dates on which related SST/chlorophyll images have been received yielded positive results. As the gap increases, the yield within PFZ is likely to come down unless the features remain more or less in the same location as revealed by succeeding satellite imagery. The present paper revealed that the fish catch (CPUE) and net profit earned are higher within PFZ compared to the results of operations outside PFZ. The usefulness of PFZ advisories, the only short term marine fishery forecast available in the country for fisherfolk towards obtaining comparatively higher catch per unit effort for the above mentioned major pelagics is proved beyond doubt from the results of more than 100 controlled experiments conducted within and outside PFZ with identical fishing gear along Kerala coast

A prospective open label study of efficacy and tolerability of topical tacrolimus in Vitiligo

Background: Vitiligo is a cosmetically and psychologically devastating clinical conundrum with various hypotheses of etiology inclusive of an immunological one too. Long term clinical visits, various adverse effects and cost of therapy are the major limitations of current treatment of vitiligo. Topical Tacrolimus which has been tried and found useful in various skin conditions with immunological basis was evaluated for its efficacy and tolerability compared with the available standard treatment of Topical Betamethasone.Methods: The study was done in the outpatient unit of Department of Dermatology, Stanley medical college, for duration of six months. Newly diagnosed vitiligo patients attending the outpatient clinic were taken for the study. A randomised, open labelled, comparative study of efficacy and tolerability of Topical Tacrolimus in vitiligo was done.Results: Early onset of repigmentation, higher mean repigmentation with no significant side effects systemically or topically were observed in the study group compared to the control group.Conclusions: This study shows that Topical Tacrolimus produces rapid and significant repigmentation with less significant side effects in vitiligo. Topical Tacrolimus is more efficacious and better tolerated than available standard Topical Betamethasone

A prospective, open label, randomized study of efficacy of vitamin A as an add on therapy in the clinical outcome of tuberculosis patients

Background: Tuberculosis is the most prevalent infectious disease in the world. India accounts for nearly one fifth of global incidence of tuberculosis. If untreated the disease may be fatal within five years in 50-65 percent of cases. Many decades of research have shown that severe oxidative stress plays a significant role in tuberculosis patients. Moreover, the malnutrition which is commonly present in patient with tuberculosis can add to the impaired anti oxidant capacity. The present study was to investigate the effect of supplementation of vitamin A with standard treatment on the health status of newly diagnosed sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients.Methods: Phase III, prospective, open, two arm parallel group, outpatient, randomized, active controlled study. Centre of the study was Tuberculosis clinic, Department of Internal medicine, Stanley Medical College Chennai.Duration of the study was for active drug therapy - 2 months, for follow up period - 4 months and for total period - 6 months.Results: In our study it was evident that there was a statistically significant improvement in the Karnofsky’s score, body mass index, mid upper arm circumference in the in the vitamin A supplementation group when compared to the control group at the end of 2 months and 6 months. And also, a statistically significant decrease in C.R.P. levels and E.S.R levels were also observed.Conclusions: This study shows that vitamin A as an add on therapy with regular anti-tuberculosis treatment improves the quality of life and decreases the disease activity in pulmonary tuberculosis patients to a greater extent than with routine standard drug therapy alone

Prediction of pregnancy induced hypertension and its severity by elevated serum beta HCG level in second trimester of pregnancy

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: 1. To predict preeclampsia by elevated Beta HCG levels in the second trimester of pregnancy. 2. To assess the severity of preeclampsia correlated with the elevated levels of Beta HCG levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was randomized controlled study at the INSTITUTE OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY the tertiary referral center in South India with about 10,000 -12,000 deliveries per annum. women who presented to our antenatal clinics with singleton pregnancies,in the second trimester of pregnancy. Duration of the study January 2014 - October 2014. All normotensive nonproteinuric pregnant women selected randomly between gestational age 13 to 20 weeks attending AN clinics irrespective of parity, Gestational age calculated from reliable menstrual history dates and early ultrasonographic measurement of fetal crown rump length. Serum beta HCG levels estimation done by chemiluminscent method. Follow up of AN mothers done till third trimester by monitoring blood pressure and proteinuria, Prediction of Preeclampsias done according to the elevated serum beta HCG levels,Severity of the preeclampsia classified according to the elevated beta HCG levels. Inclusion Criteria: All normotensive nonproteinuric pregnant women selected randomly between gestational age 13 to 20 weeks attending AN clinics irrespective of parity. Exclusion Criteria: Women with Multiple pregnancy, Essential hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Molar pregnancy. OUTCOME OF THE STUDY: Elevated serum beta HCG levels are in second trimester are associated with preeclampsia. Elevated beta HCG levels are associated with severity of preeclampsia. Better maternal and perinatal outcome in patients with preeclampsia

Tumors in von Hippel–Lindau Syndrome: From Head to Toe—Comprehensive State-of-the-Art Review

Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome (VHL) is an autosomal-dominant hereditary tumor disease that arises owing to germline mutations in the VHL gene, located on the short arm of chromosome 3. Patients with VHL may develop multiple benign and malignant tumors involving various organ systems, including retinal hemangioblastomas (HBs), central nervous system (CNS) HBs, endolymphatic sac tumors, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, pancreatic cystadenomas, pancreatic cysts, clear cell renal cell carcinomas, renal cysts, pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and epididymal and broad ligament cystadenomas. The VHL/hypoxia-inducible factor pathway is believed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of VHL-related tumors. The diagnosis of VHL can be made clinically when the characteristic clinical history and findings have manifested, such as the presence of two or more CNS HBs. Genetic testing for heterozygous germline VHL mutation may also be used to confirm the diagnosis of VHL. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and surveillance of patients with VHL. Familiarity with the clinical and imaging manifestations of the various VHL-related tumors is important for early detection and guiding appropriate management. The purpose of this article is to discuss the molecular cytogenetics and clinical manifestations of VHL, review the characteristic multimodality imaging features of the various VHL-related tumors affecting multiple organ systems, and discuss the latest advances in management of VHL, including current recommendations for surveillance and screening

Length-weight relationship and relative condition factor of Stolephorus commersonii (Lacepede, 1803) exploited along Kerala coast

The length-weight relationship and relative condition factor of Stolephorus commersonii was calculated to assess the significance of allometric factor and the well being. The study was carried out by using the data collected from ring seine and purse seine catches during the year 2010-2011. The length of species in catches ranged from 5 to 14.6 cm with a mean length of 9.24 ± 1.83 cm and the weight ranged from 1 to 25g with an average weight of 6.64 ± 3.96 g. Length-weight relationship calculated for male, female and pooled are W = 0.0070 L3.02, W = 0. 00756 L2.99 and W = 0. 0073 L3.006 respectively. The relative condition factor (Kn) estimated separately for male and female showed monthly fluctuation. The highest Kn values were observed in February and August and the lowest in June for both the sexes

Efficacy of Intravenous Iron Sucrose in treating Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Antenatal Patients

INTRODUCTION: Anemia is one of the major public health problems in the developing world. More then 70% of pregnant women in South-East Asia region suffer from nutritional anemia. Anemia is the direct cause of maternal death in 10-15% of cases but is an associated cause in many maternal deaths due to haemorrhage, sepsis and cardiac failure. Anemia in pregnancy is associated with an adverse obstetric outcome in form of spontaneous abortions, preterm labor, low birth weight babies and intrauterine growth retardation. It is paradoxical but true that though the cause of pregnancy anemia is known and iron therapy is cheap, anemia continues to take a heavy toll of maternal lives in most developing countries. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines anemia in pregnant women as hemoglobin level below 11 g / dl. Iron deficiency is the most common hematinic deficiency in pregnancy, followed by folate deficiency. Prevention or early treatment of pregancy anemia is the best prophylaxis against maternal mortality. Supplementation with iron and folic acid during pregnancy is an effective method for preventing mortality and morbidity associated with anemia and improving the outcome of pregnancy. One of the primary aims of antenatal care is to prevent and treat anemia during pregnancy, since the safety of labour and the puerperal state, to say nothing of the future health, depend upon the state of the patient’s hemoglobin reserve Iron is an essential component of hemoglobin in blood. The pregnant women needs 1000 mg of iron all through her pregnancy to maintain iron balance. Traditional iron therapy which is based on either oral administration of iron or blood transfusion has many drawbacks. Now parenteral administration of new well tolerated iron preparations like iron sucrose which has been successfully used in treatment of anemia has revolutionised the treatment of anemia. This study was done to find out the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron sucrose in treatment of iron deficiency anemia in second trimester of pregnancy. AIM OF STUDY: 1. To determine efficacy of iron sucrose in treating iron deficiency anemia in antenatal patients. 2. To determine safety of iron sucrose in treatment of iron deficiency anemia in antenatal patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study Place : Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Study Period : 2009 to 2010. Study Design : Prospective Study. 50 antenatal patients in second trimester with hemoglobin > 6 grams % and < 11 grams % were selected. Inclusion Criteria: a) Gestational age 13 to 28 weeks, b) Hemoglobin > 6 gm % to < 11 gm %. Exclusion Criteria: 1) Patients in first and third trimester of pregnancy, 2) Bleeding disorders, 3) Patients who had known allergy to parenteral iron. METHOD: Iron sucrose was given as an intravenous infusion. No test dose required. 200mg iron sucrose was diluted with 100 ml of normal saline immediately prior to infusion and is to be infused over a period of atleast 30 minutes to 1 hour. The same dose repeated after 2 days. We did not calculate the optimal dose of iron sucrose required by each women based on her pre – treatment hemoglobin; we studied the response to a uniform dose over a range of pre – treatment hemoglobin values. Hemoglobin, packed cell volume were analysed by automatic cell counter. Serum iron, total iron binding capacity was calculated using semi auto analyser. An informed consent obtained from patient and a detailed history taken. SUMMARY: In our study of 50 antenatal patients with iron deficiency anemia, were selected according to inclusion & exclusion criteria mentioned. METHOD: 200 mg of iron sucrose was given intravenously 2 doses 2 days apart, & followed up 1 month after administration of iron sucrose and at delivery. The following parameters were assessed; 1. Hb in g/dl. 2. PCV. 3. Serum ferritin in μg/l. 4. Serum iron in μg/dl. 5. Total iron binding capacity. 6. Percentage saturation of iron. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY ARE AS FOLLOWS; 1. Majority of patients around 36%, were in age group 21 – 25 yrs. 2. 80% of patients were in class V socio economic status. 3. 76% patients were booked. 4. Majority of patients were multiparous. 5. Average rise in hemoglobin after treatment was 3.73 g/dl with p value < 0.05, statistically significant. 6. Average rise in serum ferritin after treatment was 155.89 μg/l with p value < 0.05, statistically significant. 7. Average rise in packed cell volume after treatment was 7.83 with p value < 0.05, statistically significant. 8. Average rise in serum iron after treatment was 33.82 μg/ l with p value < 0.05, statistically significant. 9. Average rise in total iron binding capacity after treatment was 119.5 with p value < 0.05, statistically significant. 10. Average rise in percentage saturation of iron after treatment was 21.686% with p value < 0.05, statistically significant. 11. Side effect profile were very minimal with 90% patients (45/50) had no side effects. 2 patients had chills & rigors, 1 patients had headache, 1 patients had nausea, 1 patients had thrombophlebitis. No anaphylactic reactions occurred. CONCLUSION: 1. Intravenous iron sucrose has become a major interest to prevent functional iron deficiency. 2. Iron sucrose has been found to be effective in improving hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron & ferritin values significantly in antenatal women with iron deficiency anemia. 3. There is good tolerance to this formulation partly due to low allergenic effect and partly due to slow release of elementary iron from the complex. 4. By using intravenous iron sucrose to treat iron deficiency anemia in antenatal patients, the rate of blood transfusions could be reduced. To conclude intravenous iron sucrose is safe, convenient and more effective therapy for treatment of iron deficiency anemia in antenatal patients requiring shorter period to achieve maximum hemoglobin concentration. It has convenient dosage and administration. It can be used to replace blood transfusion in antenatal period