The Reliability Of Facial Soft Tissue Landmarks With Photogrammetry

Introduction:With attention being given to the deleterious effects of radiation exposure from dental radiographs and inaccuracies in cephalometric soft tissue measurements, an alternative method of facial analysis with sufficiently reliable soft tissue landmarks should be developed. The goals of this study were threefold: (1) to define a new, low-cost method for capturing standardized frontal and sagittal facial images, (2) to determine on which photographic view that landmarks can be more reliably located, and (3) to determine which landmarks are appropriate for quantitative facial analysis. Materials and Methods:Simultaneous frontal and right sagittal facial images of 10 male and 10 female dental student subjects were captured using high-definition webcams as part of a low-cost set-up. Seventeen identical predefined facial soft tissue landmarks were located by 5 examiners on both types of images and were recorded as coordinate values. These coordinate values were used to calculate the best estimate of the true value for each landmark, mean deviation from this best estimate, and reliability in the X- and Y-axes using the Shrout-Fleiss intraclass correlation coefficient with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Two examiners repeated the landmark location to evaluate intra-examiner reliability. Results:With a 95% confidence interval range of \u3e0.950, nose and mouth landmarks were among the most reliable landmarks on frontal and sagittal facial images. Converselyright soft tissue gonionwas one of the least reliable landmarks located in this study. In general, landmarks located by a single examiner showed greater reliability than when there were multiple examiners. Conclusions:This low-cost method yielded frontal and sagittal images sufficient for landmark identification. The magnitude of error varies between landmarks, is largest for poorly demarcated landmarks, and most had a non-circular envelope of error. Certain landmarks were more reliable on sagittal images and others were more reliable on frontal images. All landmarks had greater reliability and less mean deviation when located by a single examiner

Alpha particle elastic scattering

Calculation of alpha particle elastic scatterin

Storage of light: A useful concept?

We show both analytically and numerically that photons from a probe pulse are not stored in several recent experiments. Rather, they are absorbed to produce a two-photon excitation. More importantly, when an identical coupling pulse is re-injected into the medium, we show that the regenerated optical field has a pulse width that is very different from the original probe field. It is therefore, not a faithful copy of the original probe pulse.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures. Correct LaTEX listings of reference

Interplay between localization and absorption in disordered waveguides

This work presents results of ab-initio simulations of continuous wave transport in disordered absorbing waveguides. Wave interference effects cause deviations from diffusive picture of wave transport and make the diffusion coefficient position- and absorption-dependent. As a consequence, the true limit of a zero diffusion coefficient is never reached in an absorbing random medium of infinite size, instead, the diffusion coefficient saturates at some finite constant value. Transition to this absorption-limited diffusion exhibits a universality which can be captured within the framework of the self-consistent theory (SCT) of localization. The results of this work (i) justify use of SCT in analyses of experiments in localized regime, provided that absorption is not weak; (ii) open the possibility of diffusive description of wave transport in the saturation regime even when localization effects are strong.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure

Assessment of Triton Potential Energy

An assessment is made of the dominant features contributing to the triton potential energy, with the objective of understanding qualitatively their origins and sensitivities. Relativistic effects, short-range repulsion, and OPEP dominance are discussed. A determination of the importance of various regions of nucleon-nucleon separation is made numerically.Comment: 10 pages, latex, 1 figure -- To appear in Few-Body Systems -- epsfig.sty require

The gender and access to health services study: final report

Men and women frequently think and behave differently. To observe this is not to suggest anything so absurdly simple as that there are only male and female ways of being; behaviours and thought processes vary according to numerous other factors besides gender. That this is very generally the case however, does mean that there are broad - and often broadly predictable - differences in the way men and women engage with the world. Most commercial organisations understand this very well and plan accordingly. Many public authorities recognise it too and take these differences into account when developing and providing services. For historical reasons however the NHS has rarely done so. It is widely known that there are differences between men and women in the incidence and prevalence of most health conditions. Sometimes there are clear biological reasons for these differences but often there are not. Where biology offers little or no enlightenment, other questions need to be asked: · Do men and women behave in ways that predispose them to particular health conditions to different degrees? · Do men and women use health services with different degrees of effectiveness? · Do men and women receive differerent kinds of service from the NHS? The answer is – yes, these things happen frequently. This is sometimes to the disadvantage of one sex and sometimes to the disadvantage of the other. Sometimes it is to the disadvantage of both. And when these things happen, health outcomes are often affected. This report looks at the reasons why gender is such an important and fundamental determinant of health status and considers the ways in which gender inequalities can be tackled within the present legislative and policy framework. It also brings together the knowledge and evidence in relation to six specific areas of health concerns

Design and flight testing of a nullable compressor face rake

A compressor face rake with an internal valve arrangement to permit nulling was designed, constructed, and tested in the laboratory and in flight at the NASA Flight Research Center. When actuated by the pilot in flight, the nullable rake allowed the transducer zero shifts to be determined and then subsequently removed during data reduction. Design details, the fabrication technique, the principle of operation, brief descriptions of associated digital zero-correction programs and the qualification tests, and test results are included. Sample flight data show that the zero shifts were large and unpredictable but could be measured in flight with the rake. The rake functioned reliably and as expected during 25 hours of operation under flight environmental conditions and temperatures from 230 K (-46 F) to greater than 430 K (314 F). The rake was nulled approximately 1000 times. The in-flight zero-shift measurement technique, as well as the rake design, was successful and should be useful in future applications, particularly where accurate measurements of both steady-state and dynamic pressures are required under adverse environmental conditions

Development and fabrication of radiation resistant high efficiency solar cells Final periodic report, 24 Aug. 1966 - 24 Feb. 1967

Diffusion process for lithium doping of solar cells, and electrical characteristics and radiation resistance of solar cell