Syntactic compression in the modern Russian language

Purpose: The aim of this article is on profound systematic analysis of functional syntax theory and exploring the second level syntactic compression in the Russian language. Design/Methodology/Approach: To realize the objectives of this investigation, it seems necessary: first, to reveal the spectrum of syntactic structures; second, to determine the ways of representing the process meaning in minimized predicative structures; third, to describe the multilevel system of the means updating the propositive semantics and functional-semantic categorie in the Russian syntax. Findings: It was proved that the concrete noun as a result of the second level compression can act as a carrier of procedural semantics and secondary predication in a simple sentence. The authors identified the main types of structures with concrete nouns, expressing propositive semantics at second-level compression process, defined methods and means of representing the procedural meaning in the analyzed structures and established a link between second-level syntactic compression and the speaker's cognitions. Practical Implications: The results may be implemented into the practice of teaching the theory of language, general and comparative linguistics. The materials and conclusions of the research contribute to the efficiency of oral and written communication. Originality/Value: The main contribution of this study is to shift the emphasis from the study of the phenomenon of compression at the level of transformation of complex sentences into synonymous simple ones, to the analysis of the second level syntactic compression and accumulation of a noun with a specific semantics of procedural meaning.peer-reviewe

Passive tracer reconstruction as a least-squares problem with a semi-Lagrangian constraint: An application to fish eggs and larvae

A variational, data assimilation, algorithm was developed for reconstruction of a two-dimensional, nonstationary, passive tracer field in the ocean with open boundaries and a known velocity field. The observations, spatial smoothing terms and passive tracer conservation equation were included as weak constraints. The algorithm was tested with simulated, nonstationary, pseudo-oceanographic data integrated for a 7-day period. Simulations were run to determine the robustness of the algorithm and the effect of theoretical, simulated \u27sampling events,\u27 mimicking the standard oceanographic survey. We explored the sensitivity of the reconstructed tracer fields to the distribution of the pseudo-oceanographic sampling strategy, essentially an antenna problem, and to errors in the velocity field and the observations. The algorithm was applied to observations of silver hake ( Merluccius bilinearis) eggs and larvae obtained in August 1998 on the Scotian Shelf. Finally, the evolution of fish eggs and larvae concentration was found. The corresponding mortality rate of fish eggs and larvae was determined to be 0.28 day-1, with errors of 0.03 day-1. The approach, which is quite general and could be applied to many different problems requiring minimization subject to constraints, allows for error analysis of the results

Investigation of the Summer Kara Sea Circulation Employing a Variational Data Assimilation Technique

[ 1] The summer circulations and hydrographic fields of the Kara Sea are reconstructed for mean, positive and negative Arctic Oscillation regimes employing a variational data assimilation technique which provides the best fit of reconstructed fields to climatological data and satisfies dynamical and kinematic constraints of a quasi-stationary primitive equation ocean circulation model. The reconstructed circulations agree well with the measurements and are characterized by inflow of 0.63, 0.8, 0.51 Sv through Kara Gate and 1.18, 1.1, 1.12 Sv between Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land, for mean climatologic conditions, positive and negative AO indexes, respectively. The major regions of water outflow for these regimes are the St. Anna Trough (1.17, 1.21, 1.34 Sv) and Vilkitsky/ Shokalsky Straits (0.52, 0.7, 0.51 Sv). The optimized velocity pattern for the mean climatological summer reveals a strong anticyclonic circulation in the central part of the Kara Sea ( Region of Fresh Water Inflow, ROFI zone) and is confirmed by ADCP surveys and laboratory modeling. This circulation is well pronounced for both high and low AO phases, but in the positive AO phase it is shifted approximately 200 km west relatively to its climatological center. During the negative AO phase the ROFI locaion is close to its climatological position. The results of the variational data assimilation approach were compared with the simulated data from the Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM) and Naval Postgraduate School 18 km resolution (NPS-18) model to validate these models

Changes in Arctic Ocean Climate Evinced through Analysis of IPY 2007–2008 Oceanographic Observations

Full-depth hydrographical surveys conducted in 2007–2009 during the International Polar Year (IPY) collaboration provide an accurate snapshot of the Arctic Ocean (AO) hydrography at a time when the Arctic Ocean Oscillation (AOO) index was highest in recent record. We construct pan-Arctic temperature and salinity (T/S) reference states from these data using variational optimal interpolation and discuss some key differences between the 2007–2009 state and a similarly constructed climatology from historical 1950–1994 Russian archives. These data provide a recent, known reference state for both qualitative and quantitative future AO climate change studies. Furthermore, we present an analysis of sea-surface height (SSH) and upper-layer circulation constructed from the IPY data via 4DVar data assimilation and use them to examine circulation and freshwater source changes visible during IPY

A new anisotropic poroelasticity model to describe damage accumulation during cyclic triaxial loading of rock

Acknowledgments The paper benefited from useful comments by two referees, Manolis Veveakis and Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, and the editor, Alexis Maineult. The contributions by Lyakhovsky and Shalev was supported by grant from the Israel Science Foundation, ISF 363/20. The contributions by Browning, Meredith, Healy and Mitchell were supported by UKRI NERC awards NE/N003063/1, NE/N002938/1, NE/T007826/1, NE/T00780X/1. The contributions by Browning was also supported by FONDECYT grant number 11190143. The contribution by Panteleev was supported by Russian Science Foundation (project N 19-77-30008).Peer reviewedPostprin

Assimilation of High-Frequency Radar Data in the East Chukchi Sea

The maximum-likelihood ensemble filter (MLEF) is an eficient technique of data assimilation related to both 3D-variational (3Dvar) and Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) methods. We demonstrate the utility of MLEF by assimilating high-frequency radar (HFR) data into a realistic model of the east Chukchi Sea. A set of three radar stations in Wainwright, Point Lay, and Barrow provide two-dimensional resolution of the sea-surface velocity. We use MLEF to incorporate this HFR data into a numerical model constructed using the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) for the ice-free months of 2012. The resulting analysis can be used as a benchmark for future operational forecasting, allowing for better real-time monitoring and decision-making as this biologically rich region is influenced by industry and commerce

Traumatic vessel injuries initiating hemostasis generate high shear conditions

Blood flow is a major regulator of hemostasis and arterial thrombosis. The current view is that low and intermediate flows occur in intact healthy vessels, whereas high shear levels (>2000 s−1) are reached in stenosed arteries, notably during thrombosis. To date, the shear rates occurring at the edge of a lesion in an otherwise healthy vessel are nevertheless unknown. The aim of this work was to measure the shear rates prevailing in wounds in a context relevant to hemostasis. Three models of vessel puncture and transection were developed and characterized for a study that was implemented in mice and humans. Doppler probe measurements supplemented by a computational model revealed that shear rates at the edge of a wound reached high values, with medians of 22 000 s−1, 25 000 s−1, and 7000 s−1 after puncture of the murine carotid artery, aorta, or saphenous vein, respectively. Similar shear levels were observed after transection of the mouse spermatic artery. These results were confirmed in a human venous puncture model, where shear rates in a catheter implanted in the cubital vein reached 2000 to 27 000 s−1. In all models, the high shear conditions were accompanied by elevated levels of elongational flow exceeding 1000 s−1. In the puncture model, the shear rates decreased steeply with increasing injury size. This phenomenon could be explained by the low hydrodynamic resistance of the injuries as compared with that of the downstream vessel network. These findings show that high shear rates (>3000 s−1) are relevant to hemostasis and not exclusive to arterial thrombosis

Toward a Reliable Wave Hindcast/Forecast in the Bering Sea

1. To validate the quality of available wind products through application of the WAM model Cycle 4.5 and satellite observations. 2. To analyze effects of high resolution atmospheric model downscaling and data assimilation. 3. To analyze summer surface wave condition in the Bering Sea during the years, 2007-2011. 4. To explore the possibility of developing a new algorithm for a dynamically constrained minimizing function without employing the adjoint of the dynamical system