Solar magnetic fields and the corona

Results from a seminar on the role of solar magnetic fields in determining the structure of the corona and interplanetary medium are presented. Some topics considered are: (1) polar regions of the sun which have identical magnetic configurations but display a vastly different appearance in the corona, (2) the influence of latitude on coronal and interplanetary microstructure, and (3) the role of the corona in contributing to the solar wind. It is proposed that an out-of-the-ecliptic solar probe mission would provide needed information on the above topics, and the study of solar activity in general

Coronal magnetic fields and the solar wind

Current information is presented on coronal magnetic fields as they bear on problems of the solar wind. Both steady state fields and coronal transient events are considered. A brief critique is given of the methods of calculating coronal magnetic fields including the potential (current free) models, exact solutions for the solar wind and field interaction, and source surface models. These solutions are compared with the meager quantitative observations which are available at this time. Qualitative comparisons between the shapes of calculated magnetic field lines and the forms visible in the solar corona at several recent eclipses are displayed. These suggest that: (1) coronal streamers develop above extended magnetic arcades which connect unipolar regions of opposite polarity; and (2) loops, arches, and rays in the corona correspond to preferentially filled magnetic tubes in the approximately potential field

The Vaguer Sanctions of Conscience: A Constitutional and Policy Analysis of Nebraska Medical Tort Reform 1976–1987

I. Introduction II. The Legislation ... A. Legislative Purposes, Goals, and Findings ... B. Persons Affected by the 1976 Legislation ... C. Absolute Limits on Damages ... D. Collateral Source Modification ... E. Statute of Limitations Modification ... F. Joint and Several Liability Modification ... G. Mandatory Pre-Trial Screening III. Constitutional Analysis ... A. Special Laws ... 1. Historical Background ... 2. Taylor, Prendergast, and Edmunds ... 3. Analysis ... B. Open Courts ... 1. Historical Background ... 2. Prendergast and Colton ... 3. Analysis ... C. Federal Equal Protection and Due Process Analysis ... 1. Traditional Equal Protection Tests ... 2. Traditional Due Process Tests ... 3. Duke Power and the White Dictum ... 4. Heightened Scrutiny and Medical Tort Reform ... 5. Nebraska Analysis IV. Policy Analysis V. Conclusio

An Economic Analysis of the First Manifest Doctrine: \u3ci\u3ePaul Revere Life Insurance Co. v. Haas\u3c/i\u3e, 644 A.2d 1098 (N.J. 1994)

It is unchanging black letter law that a contract of insurance is a transfer of risk. The insurer collects premiums from a group and pools them to cover the losses and the operating costs of the insurer. Individuals fund the operation of a system that achieves a social good in an effective and efficient manner. The perfect operation of the system can be thwarted by free riders in two ways. First, when individuals who have chosen not to participate in the group attempt to transfer risk for a loss that already has occurred, the prevalence of the risk is altered in the group. Second, the system also is defeated to the extent that legitimate losses are not indemnified. Judicial doctrines have attempted to find solutions that balance the desire to protect innocent insureds with the desire to avoid encouraging insurance fraud. One of those doctrines is the so-called “first manifest” doctrine. This doctrine uses policy language to avoid incontestability facilitated fraud by allowing coverage, but limits the risks transferred to those intended by the contract. The doctrine allows the insurer to deny a specific claim for a concealed condition while allowing the insured to keep coverage under the policy in effect for any condition that was unknown to the applicant. This article discusses a recent leading case in the area, Paul Revere Life Insurance Co. v. Haas. Haas represents an example of a state supreme court making new law to achieve policy objectives. Analysis of Haas and similar cases in other jurisdictions suggests that the relevant policy factors behind both incontestability and exceptions to incontestability can be described in equation form. A review of historical trends suggests that those variables leading to legislative recognition of incontestability have been supplanted by other factors. In contrast, those variables leading to judicial exceptions to incontestability, including insurance fraud, have become more prominent. This perspective suggests that recent first manifest cases represent a judicial balancing of an equation thrown out of balance by rising insurance fraud. Finally, the economic perspective suggests that the doctrine is a more efficient way to achieve multiple policy goals than the legislative alternative available in some states

Magnetic braking in young late-type stars: the effect of polar spots

The concentration of magnetic flux near the poles of rapidly rotating cool stars has been recently proposed as an alternative mechanism to dynamo saturation in order to explain the saturation of angular momentum loss. In this work we study the effect of magnetic surface flux distribution on the coronal field topology and angular momentum loss rate. We investigate if magnetic flux concentration towards the pole is a reasonable alternative to dynamo saturation. We construct a 1D wind model and also apply a 2-D self-similar analytical model, to evaluate how the surface field distribution affects the angular momentum loss of the rotating star. From the 1D model we find that, in a magnetically dominated low corona, the concentrated polar surface field rapidly expands to regions of low magnetic pressure resulting in a coronal field with small latitudinal variation. We also find that the angular momentum loss rate due to a uniform field or a concentrated field with equal total magnetic flux is very similar. From the 2D wind model we show that there are several relevant factors to take into account when studying the angular momentum loss from a star. In particular, we show that the inclusion of force balance across the field in a wind model is fundamental if realistic conclusions are to be drawn from the effect of non-uniform surface field distribution on magnetic braking. This model predicts that a magnetic field concentrated at high latitudes leads to larger Alfven radii and larger braking rates than a smoother field distribution. From the results obtained, we argue that the magnetic surface field distribution towards the pole does not directly limit the braking efficiency of the wind.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures, accepted in A&

The Apollo spacecraft: A chronology volume 4, 21 January 1966 - 13 July 1974

This final volume of the chronology is divided into three parts: (1) preparation for flight, the accident, and investigation; (2) recovery, spacecraft redefinition, and the first manned flight; and (3) man circles the moon, the Eagle lands, and manned space exploration. Congressional documents, official correspondence, government and contractor reports, memoranda, working papers, and minutes of meetings were used as primary sources. A relatively few entries are based on press releases and newspaper and magazine articles

Latitudinal gradients of cosmic rays and the polarity reversal of the heliospheric magnetic field: A preliminary evaluation

Within the statistical limits imposed by the currently available data and the noise inherent in the determination of the latitudinal gradient, no evidence for the expected change in the latitudinal gradient from pre-1980 to post-1980 epochs can be found. In addition, the rigidity dependence of the gradient appears to be the same in the two epochs. Thus, no evidence is found for a sensitivity of the latitudinal gradient to the polarity of the largescale heliospheric magnetic field such as has been predicted by models incorporating particle drifts

Elevated Temperature Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of SLM SS304L

SLM built SS304L was annealed and water quenched to minimize residual stress and avoid carbide precipitation. Mini-tensile characterization of strength and elongation at temperature conditions up to 800°C, along with observations of the associated microstructural transformations were utilized to understand the changes produced in SLM SS304L. As-built and annealed specimens were found to exhibit decreasing strength and elongation with increasing temperature as expected. Carbide precipitates appeared after short times at high temperatures within both as-built and annealed specimens for all cases, but no brittle intermetallic phase development was observed for any of the temperatures investigated. While the lack of Sigma, Chi or Laves phases were anticipated, the premature formation of carbides is unexpected behavior for this composition of SS 304L. It is an indication of higher sensitivity of SLM made material. An additional change in the etch response was also observed between as-built and annealed specimens. It is theorized that annealing caused all ferritic and other residual phases present in as-built SLM SS 304L to fully transform into austenite. The cellular structure observed in the as-built specimen was also dissolved due to annealing and water quenching possibly leading to the strength loss observed

Single seed sorting technology and its interaction with processing for food, malt, feed and industrial markets

Non-Peer Reviewe

An experimental study of the dual-fuel performance of a small compression ignition diesel engine operating with three gaseous fuels

A dual-fuel engine is a compression ignition (CI) engine where the primary gaseous fuel source is premixed with air as it enters the combustion chamber. This homogenous mixture is ignited by a small quantity of diesel, the ‘pilot’, that is injected towards the end of the compression stroke. In the present study, a direct-injection CI engine, was fuelled with three different gaseous fuels: methane, propane, and butane. The engine performance at various gaseous concentrations was recorded at 1500 r/min and quarter, half, and three-quarters relative to full a load of 18.7 kW. In order to investigate the combustion performance, a novel three-zone heat release rate analysis was applied to the data. The resulting heat release rate data are used to aid understanding of the performance characteristics of the engine in dual-fuel mode. Data are presented for the heat release rates, effects of engine load and speed, brake specific energy consumption of the engine, and combustion phasing of the three different primary gaseous fuels. Methane permitted the maximum energy substitution, relative to diesel, and yielded the most significant reductions in CO2. However, propane also had significant reductions in CO2 but had an increased diffusional combustion stage which may lend itself to the modern high-speed direct-injection engine