78 research outputs found

    Heart rate and energy expenditure of incubating wandering albatrosses: basal levels, natural variation, and the effects of human disturbance

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    We studied the changes in heart rate (HR) associated with metabolic rate of incubating and resting adult wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) on the Crozet Islands. Metabolic rates of resting albatrosses fitted with external HR recorders were measured in a metabolic chamber to calibrate the relationship between HR and oxygen consumption (V̇O2) (V̇O2=0.074×HR+0.019, r2=0.567, P\u3c0.001, where V̇O2 is in ml kg–1 min–1 and HR is in beats min–1). Incubating albatrosses were then fitted with HR recorders to estimate energy expenditure of albatrosses within natural field conditions. We also examined the natural variation in HR and the effects of human disturbance on nesting birds by monitoring the changes in HR. Basal HR was positively related to the mass of the individual. The HR of incubating birds corresponded to a metabolic rate that was 1.5-fold (males) and 1.8-fold (females) lower than basal metabolic rate (BMR) measured in this and a previous study. The difference was probably attributable to birds being stressed while they were held in the metabolic chamber or wearing a mask. Thus, previous measurements of metabolic rate under basal conditions or for incubating wandering albatrosses are likely to be overestimates. Combining the relationship between HR and metabolic rate for both sexes, we estimate that wandering albatrosses expend 147 kJ kg–1 day–1 to incubate their eggs. In addition, the cost of incubation was assumed to vary because (i) HR was higher during the day than at night, and (ii) there was an effect of wind chill (\u3c0°C) on basal HR. The presence of humans in the vicinity of the nest or after a band control was shown to increase HR for extended periods (2–3 h), suggesting that energy expenditure was increased as a result of the disturbance. Lastly, males and females reacted differently to handling in terms of HR response: males reacted more strongly than females before handling, whereas females took longer to recover after being handled

    Neutrophils enhance early Trypanosoma brucei infection onset.

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    In this study, Trypanosoma brucei was naturally transmitted to mice through the bites of infected Glossina morsitans tsetse flies. Neutrophils were recruited rapidly to the bite site, whereas monocytes were attracted more gradually. Expression of inflammatory cytokines (il1b, il6), il10 and neutrophil chemokines (cxcl1, cxcl5) was transiently up-regulated at the site of parasite inoculation. Then, a second influx of neutrophils occurred that coincided with the previously described parasite retention and expansion in the ear dermis. Congenital and experimental neutropenia models, combined with bioluminescent imaging, indicate that neutrophils do not significantly contribute to dermal parasite control and elicit higher systemic parasitemia levels during the infection onset. Engulfment of parasites by neutrophils in the skin was rarely observed and was restricted to parasites with reduced motility/viability, whereas live parasites escaped phagocytosis. To our knowledge, this study represents the first description of a trypanosome infection promoting role of early innate immunological reactions following an infective tsetse fly bite. Our data indicate that the trypanosome is not hindered in its early development and benefits from the host innate responses with the neutrophils being important regulators of the early infection, as already demonstrated for the sand fly transmitted Leishmania parasite

    Confirmation biochimique du statut spécifique du mulot alpestre Apodemus alpicola Heinrich, 1952 (Mammalia, Rodentia)

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    Pour vérifier le statut spécifique d'Apodemus alpicola, 48 mulots de 11 localités ont été analysés par électrophorèse de protéines homologues, codés par 27 loci. Les résultats biochimiques confirment la présence de trois espèces de mulots dans la région du Vorarlberg (Autriche), soit A. sylvaticus, A.flavicollis et A. alpicola et certifient ainsi le statut spécifique de la dernière espèce. Les mêmes allozymes discriminants se retrouvent dans une population de mulots du Val d'Aoste, où A. alpicola est également en sympatrie avec les deux espèces. La présence d'A. alpicola en Suisse a été confirmée par l'analyse de spécimens de Bourg St-Bernard (Valais). Les critères de détermination morphologique, établis pour l'Autriche, ne sont que partiellement valables pour les populations occidentales

    Évaluation des doses d'irradiation aux organes en scanographie pédiatrique

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    Purpose. To estimate radiation doses from routine pediatric CT scans (body) and to propose dose reduction protocols. Materiel and methods. Study performed with a phantom equivalent to the body of 5 year old child with evaluation of doses delivered to breast, gonads, bone marrow (sternum, T12) and thyroid for GT examinations of the chest, abdomen, pelvis and spine. Extrapolation is made to estimate the doses for 1 year old and 10 year old children. Finally, dose reduction protocols are evaluated. Results. CT of the chest delivers significant doses to breast tissue and bone marrow, CT of the abdomen and pelvis delivers significant doses to the ovaries and CT pf the spine delivers significant doses to thyroid and bone marrow. Optimization can be achieved without degradation of the image quality, by reducing Kv and mAs within reasonable limits. This study may be used in order to evaluate the doses delivered by multi-detector CT units. © Éditions Françaises de Radiologie, 2005.Objectifs Déterminer la dose organe délivrée pour les scanners pédiatriques courants du tronc et proposer une réduction des doses. Matériel et méthode Une étude sur fantôme correspondant au corps d’un enfant de 5 ans a été menée afin de mesurer la dose délivrée aux gonades, à la moelle osseuse (sternum T12) et à la thyroïde pour les scanners thoraciques, abdominaux, du bassin et du rachis. On a tenté d’optimiser les doses en réduisant les paramètres. Résultats Les doses organes délivrées sont assez significatives pour un scanner thoracique, aux seins et aux sites hématopoïétiques, la dose aux ovaires est importante pour les scanners abdomino-pelviens et le scanner du rachis est très irradiant pour la thyroïde ainsi que pour la moelle rouge. L’optimisation peut se faire sans dégradation de la qualité de l’image en diminuant KV et mAs dans des limites raisonnables. Cette étude doit servir de base à l’évaluation des doses délivrées par les scanners nouvelle génération

    Electrons rapides dans un plasma créé par laser

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    Nous présentons ici des spectres énergétiques des électrons créés au cours de l'explosion de feuilles minces par laser à haut flux à λ =1,06 μm, λ = 0,53 μm et à λ = 0,26 μm. Nous exposons les diagrammes angulaires électroniques à λ = 0,26 μm pour différentes énergies, caractérisés (au-dessus de 150 keV) par une structure piquée le long de l'axe laser. Ces électrons peuvent être en partie expliqués par leur accélération dans l'onde de plasma issue de l'instabilité Raman arrière.
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