A New Vision and Credit Policy Framework for Financing LGUs Basic Services and Development Projects

This paper presents a new vision and the proposed policy framework for financing local government’s basic services and development projects. This vision intends to wean away the LGUs from their dependence on the national government and to promote a more effective private sector participation in developing and funding local projects. The credit policy framework aims to direct and make LGUs creditworthy to the private sources of capital.local government unit, capital markets, services sector, credit program

Government Guarantees in Infrastructure Projects: A Second, Third Look at the Policy

To encourage private sector participation in public infrastructure projects, government guarantee has been utilized as an instrument to mitigate the risks associated with public investments. However, this creates contingent liabilities that the government has to face. This issue argues that the government must move towards project financing structures having less provision for subsidies and guarantees. Private sector should then have greater risk participation while strict monitoring measures should be implemented concerning contingent liabilities.government guarantee, public infrastructure projects, BOT scheme, private sector participation, contingent liability

Liberalization in Directed Credit Programs for SMEs

To evaluate the effectiveness of approaches to improve policies toward the development of small and medium enterprises, this article assesses the efficiency of directed credit programs and the impact of a liberalized design of a specific project.credit program, borrowing behavior, borrower

Liberalization in Directed Credit Programs for SMEs

To evaluate the effectiveness of approaches to improve policies toward the development of small and medium enterprises, this article assesses the efficiency of directed credit programs and the impact of a liberalized design of a specific project.credit program, borrowing behavior, borrower

Efecto terapéutico del extracto etanólico de Erythroxylum coca spp. en anemia ferropénica inducida en ratas Holtzman macho

Coca leaf has been traditionally used for medical purposes and contains high iron levels. Objective: To determine the effect of Erythroxylum coca spp. ethanol extract in iron-deficiency anemia induced by iron-deficient diet in male Holtzman rats. Design: Experimental. Setting: Institute of Pathology Laboratory, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Biologic material: Eighteen weaned male Holtzman rats 16 days old. Interventions: Rats were allocated to three groups of six rats each: a) iron-sufficient group (IS) received 25 g/d of balanced diet for 7 weeks; b) iron-deficient group (ID) received 25 g/d of iron-deficient diet for 7 weeks; and, c) irondeficient/ E. coca extract group (ID-CE) received 25 g/d of iron-deficient diet for 7 weeks, and in the fifth week 18 g/d of E. coca extract were added. Main outcome measures: Serum hemoglobin level, weight and height. Results: At the end of the treatment, there was significant difference of hemoglobin in the ID-CE group (p=0.04). There was significant difference in serum hemoglobin levels between ID-CE and ID groups (p=0.0062). No significant difference was found in serum hemoglobin levels between ID-CE and IS groups (p=0.06). No significant difference was found in weight and height between ID and ID-CE groups (p=0.20 and p=0.23, respectively). Conclusions: E. coca had experimental antianemic effect supported by findings in the serum hemoglobin levels.La hoja de coca ha sido usada tradicionalmente con fines medicinales y contiene altos niveles de hierro. Objetivos: Determinar el efecto del extracto etanólico de Erythroxylum coca spp. frente a anemia ferropénica inducida por dieta deficiente en hierro, en ratas Holtzman macho. Diseño: Experimental. Lugar: Laboratorio del Instituto de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Material biológico: Dieciocho ratas Holtzman macho de 16 días de edad recién destetadas. Intervenciones: Se formó tres grupos de seis ratas cada uno: a) grupo hierro suficiente (HS), recibió 25 g/d de alimento balanceado durante 7 semanas; b) grupo hierro deficiente (HD), recibió 25 g/d de dieta ferropénica durante 7 semanas; y, c) el grupo hierro deficiente – extracto E. coca (HD-EC), recibió 25 g/d de dieta ferropénica durante 7 semanas y a partir de la semana 5 se agregó 18 g/d de extracto de E. coca. Principales medidas de resultados: Nivel sérico de hemoglobina, peso y talla. Resultados: Al finalizar el tratamiento, se observó aumento significativo de la hemoglobina en el grupo HD-EC (p=0,04). Se encontró diferencia significativa en los niveles séricos de hemoglobina entre los grupos HD-EC y HD (p=0,0062). No se encontró diferencia significativa en los valores de hemoglobina entre los grupos HD-EC y HS (p= 0,06). No se evidenció diferencia en el peso y la talla entre los grupos HD y HD–EC (p=0,20 y p=0,23, respectivamente). Conclusiones: E. coca presenta efecto antianémico experimental, sustentado en los resultados de los niveles de hemoglobina