Sinteza dendrimerskog steroidnog jezgra

Synthesis of a steroidal dendrimercore possessing various functional termini, such as ester, carboxy and hydroxy, is presented. The approach described enables further simple manipulations for the introduction of more complex functionalities.U ovom radu prikazana je sinteza dendrimerskog steroidnog jezgra sa estarskim karboksilnim i hidroksilnim završecima. Opisani pristup sintezi omogućava dalju, kompleksniju funkcionalizaciju jednostavnim manipulacijama

Analysing the Impact of Built-In and External Social Tools in a MOOC on Educational Technologies

Proocedings of: 8th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning: Scaling Up Learning for Sustained Impact (EC-TEL 2013). Paphos, Cyprus, September 17-21, 2013MOOCs have been a disruptive educational trend in the last months. Some MOOCs just replicate traditional teaching pedagogies, adding multimedia elements like video lectures. Others go beyond, trying to engage the massive number of participants by promoting discussions and relying on their contributions to the course. MOOC platforms usually provide some built-in social tools for this purpose, although instructors or participants may suggest others to foster discussions and crowdsourcing. This paper analyses the impact of two built-in (Q&A and forum) and three external social tools (Facebook, Twitter and MentorMob) in a MOOC on educational technologies. Most of the participants agreed on the importance of social tools to be in touch with their partners and share information related to the course, the forum being the one preferred. Furthermore, the lessons learned from the enactment of this MOOC employing social tools are summarized so that others may benefit from them.This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Project TIN2011-28308-C03-01, the Regional Government of Madrid project S2009/TIC-1650, and the postdoctoral fellowship Alianza 4 Universidades.Publicad

Investigating Self-Directed Learning Dimensions: Adapting the Bouchard Framework

Self-Directed Learning (SDL) is gaining interest, as online learning is increasingly learner-centered. FutureLearn courses provide an array of online interactions and content deliveries, which have allowed the authors to investigate a diversity of SDL elements. This preliminary research examines the SDL taking place in three FutureLearn courses, and categorises those learner actions into meaningful elements and dimensions for the learners. The SDL framework by Bouchard [1] is used to interpret the self-reported findings coming from active learners. The research uses a grounded theory approach to look for learner experiences related to four dimensions (algorithmic, conative, semiotic, and economic) of the Bouchard [1] framework, and to discover new dimensions. Various research instruments are used: online surveys, learning logs, and one-on-one interviews, all collected pre-, during, or post-course. The initial adaptation of Bouchard’s framework offers insights into SDL, its meaning, and value as perceived by the learners

Cobertura florestal secundária em pequenas propriedades rurais na Amazônia: implicações para a agricultura de corte e queima.

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Biological tumor markers associated with local control after primary radiotherapy in laryngeal cancer:A systematic review

Background The choice of treatment in laryngeal cancer is mainly based on tumor stage, post-treatment morbidity and quality of life. Biological tumor markers might also be of potential clinical relevance. Objective of the review The aim was to systematically review the value of published biological tumor markers to predict local control in laryngeal cancer patients treated with definitive radiotherapy. Type of Review Systematic review. Search strategy PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library. Evaluation Method A literature search was performed using multiple terms for laryngeal cancer, radiotherapy, biological markers, detection methods and local control or survival. Studies regarding the relation between biological tumor markers and local control or survival in laryngeal cancer patients primarily treated with radiotherapy were included. Markers were clustered on biological function. Quality of all studies was assessed. Study selection, data extraction and quality assessment was performed by two independent reviewers. Results A total of 52 studies out of 618 manuscripts, concerning 118 markers, were included. EGFR and P53 showed consistent evidence for not being predictive of local control after primary radiotherapy, whereas proliferation markers (ie high Ki-67 expression) showed some, but no consistent, evidence for being predictive of better local control. Other clusters of markers (markers involved in angiogenesis and hypoxia, apoptosis markers, cell cycle, COX-2 and DNA characteristics) showed no consistent evidence towards being predictors of local control after primary radiotherapy. Conclusions Cell proliferation could be of potential interest for predicting local control after primary radiotherapy in laryngeal cancer patients, whereas EGFR and p53 are not predictive in contrast to some previous analyses. Large diversity in research methods is found between studies, which results in contradictory outcomes. Future studies need to be more standardised and well described according to the REMARK criteria in order to have better insight into which biomarkers can be used as predictors of local control after primary radiotherapy

Laser-Induced Dissociation of an Energetic Polymer: A Spectroscopic Study of the Gaseous Products

Previous studies of GAP (glycidyl azido polymer) laser-induced decomposition (Propellants, ExplosiVes, Pyrotechnics 1996, 21, 258), revealed that the shock wave produced from a diluted polymer is more energetic than from the neat polymer. In this paper, direct measurement of the energy disposal into molecular products is reported using spectroscopic methods. Chemiluminescence probes electronically excited species, and laserinduced fluorescence, ground-state radicals. It is found that the initial velocity and internal energy content of small diatomic molecules is larger in some diluted polymers than in the neat one. This finding is in line with a simple model based on the assumption of a self-sustained reaction following initial laser excitation

Standardised Ki-67 proliferation index assessment in early-stage laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in relation to local control and survival after primary radiotherapy

ObjectivesAmbiguous results have been reported on the predictive value of the Ki-67 proliferation index (Ki-67 PI) regarding local control (LC) and survival after primary radiotherapy (RT) in early-stage laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC). Small study size, heterogenic inclusion, variations in immunostaining and cut-off values are attributing factors. Our aim was to elucidate the predictive value of the Ki-67 PI for LC and disease-specific survival (DSS) using a well-defined series of T1-T2 LSCC, standardised automatic immunostaining and digital image analysis (DIA). MethodsA consecutive and well-defined cohort of 208 patients with T1-T2 LSCC treated with primary RT was selected. The Ki-67 PI was determined using DIA. Mann-Whitney U-tests, logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed to assess associations between Ki-67 PI, clinicopathological variables, LC and DSS. ResultsIn multivariate Cox regression analysis, poor tumour differentiation (HR 2.20; 95% CI 1.06-4.59, P = .04) and alcohol use (HR 2.84, 95% CI 1.20-6.71; P = .02) were independent predictors for LC. Lymph node positivity was an independent predictor for DSS (HR 3.16, 95% CI 1.16-8.64; P = .03). Ki-67 PI was not associated with LC (HR 1.59; 95% CI 0.89-2.81; P = .11) or DSS (HR 0.98; 95% CI 0.57-1.66; P = .97). In addition, continuous Ki-67 PI was not associated with LC (HR 2.03; 95% CI 0.37-11.14, P = .42) or DSS (HR 0.62; 95% CI 0.05-8.28; P = .72). ConclusionThe Ki-67 PI was not found to be a predictor for LC or DSS and therefore should not be incorporated in treatment-related decision-making for LSCC

Manejo da floresta secundária em agricultura migratória no Peru, Brasil e Nicarágua.

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Researching the use of force: The background to the international project

This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in eight countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology