Wealth, household heterogeneity and livelihood diversification of Fulani pastoralists in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, northern Nigeria, during a period of social transition

A mixed methods study was undertaken in the Kachia Grazing Reserve of northern Nigeria. Surveys in March, June and October 2011 included focus group discussions, key informant and in-depth household interviews, concerning livelihood practices, animal health, ownership, and productivity. In May 2011, 249 Fulani families fleeing post-election violence entered the reserve with their livestock, increasing the number of households by one third.Despite being settled within a grazing reserve, over half of households sent all their cattle away on seasonal transhumance and another third sent some away. Cattle accounted for 96% of total tropical livestock units (TLU), of which 26% were cattle kept permanently outside the reserve. While all households cited livestock as their main source of income, 90% grew crops and 55% derived income from off-farm activities. A multiple correspondence analysis showed that for each extra member of a household its TLU value increased by 2.0 [95% CI, 1.4-2.7], while for each additional marriage its TLU increased by 15.7 [95% CI, 7.1-24.3]. A strong association was also observed between small herds, small households with only one wife, alongside marked geographical wealth differences within the reserve. New immigrant families had larger household sizes (33) and livestock holdings (122 TLU) than old settlers (22 people and 67 TLU). Prior to the mass immigration, the distribution of TLU per person was unimodal: 41% of households were classified as 'poor' and 27% as 'medium', whereas post-immigration it was bi-modal, with 26% classified as 'very poor' and 28% as 'medium'.While cattle remain the principal source of Fulani income and wealth, the inhabitants of Kachia Grazing Reserve have diversified their livelihood strategies to respond to changing circumstances and stress, especially the limited availability of grazing within the reserve and political insecurity outside, resulting in continued transhumance, the maintenance of smaller livestock holdings and pushing households into poverty

Controversies in the Use of MIGS

Abstract Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) has fulfilled an unmet need in the management of glaucoma. This chapter highlights some controversial issues regarding the use of MIGS in clinical practice, including (1) whether there is sufficient evidence to advocate combining MIGS with cataract surgery over cataract surgery alone, (2) the merits and drawbacks of different approaches to trabecular bypass and canal-based MIGS procedures, (3) the effect of MIGS on endothelial cell loss, (4) suprachoroidal MIGS devices and whether there is still a role for these procedures, and (5) a comparison between subconjunctival MIGS and trabeculectomy. Several questions are still left unanswered and hopefully, further research and more clinical experience with these new technologies will help improve surgical outcomes for patients

OSPAR Commission. Annual report on direct and riverine inputs to Norwegian coastal waters during the year 1998. A. Principles, results and discussions. B. Data report

Riverine inputs of nutrients, selected heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants to Norwegian coastal waters from 10 main and 145 tributary rivers have been monitored during 1998. In addition, the inputs from rivers not monitored as well as direct discharges to marine waters along the coast from Sweden to Russia have been estimated. According to the results, total annual nutrient load to coastal waters from landbased sources, is approximately 3530 tonnes of phosphorus and 105.550 tonnes of nitrogen. About 41 per cent of the phosphorus and 62 per cent of the nitrogen are inputs from the monitored rivers and tributaries. Most inputs of heavy metals are low, especially the riverine inputs of Cd, Pb and Hg. A few values of Cd and Pb are below the detection limits of the specific analysis. For mercury, 58% of the total number of analyses were below the limit, whereas for the "Skagerrak-rivers" only, 79% of the values were above the detection limit. Most values of the different congeners of PCBs are below the detection limit. The pesticide lindane is detected in most analyses in small amounts. Total load of this compound is estimated to about 84 kg. The largest discharges from heavy metals comprise copper and zinc, with the input estimates of 308 and 1265 tonnes, respectively. the input estimates of 308 and 1265 tonnes, respectively. Retention in the fjords is not included in the above mentioned values, which in several cases would reduce the actual load to open marine waters considerably

En vurdering av muligheten for å fremskaffe datasett med månedsmidler for tilførsler til marine områder (Skagerrak). Forprosjekt

Et "foreløpig" datasett med månedsvise tilførsler av næringssalter (mengder) til Skagerrakkysten er utarbeidet for de fem hovedelvene (Glomma, Drammenselva, Numedalslågen, Skienselva og Otra). Målte parametre (næringssalter) er total fosfor, orto fosfat, total nitrogen, nitrat og ammonium. Data er rapportert i tabellform (denne rapport) og i tillegg på disket for perioden 1990-1993, dvs for 4 år. Videre er det laget et eksempel på beregning av tilførsler av fosfor og nitrogen for 1993. Verdiene er spisifisert (TEOTIL). Arbeidet viser at det er mulig å utarbeide tabeller for månedsvise tilførsler der som datagrunnlaget er godt nok. Med en viss justering av modellen TEOTIL vil det være mulig å fordele tilførslene og kildene.Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT

Paris Convention. Annual report on direct and riverine inputs to Norwegian coastal weaters during the year 1991. A. Principles, results and discussion

Riverine inputs to Norwegian coastal waters from 10 main and 145 tributary rivers have been monitored during 1991. The loading from rivers not monitored as well as direct discharges to marine waters along the coast from Sweden to Russia have been estimated. According to the results, total annual nutrient load to coastal waters from landbased sources, is approximately 3590 tons of phosphours and 8860 tons of nitrogen. About 40 per cent of the phosphorus and 60 per cent of the nitrogen are inputs from the monitored rivers and tributaties. Discharges of heavy metals and micropollutants are also included in the investigation. Most inputs of these substances are low, especially the riverine inputs of Cd, Pb and Hg. Most values of these substances are below the detection limits of the specific analysis, which also in the case for the differen congeners of PCBs. The herbicide lindane is detected in most analyses in small amounts. Total load of this compound is estimated to about 260 kg. The largest yields from heavy metals comprise copper and zinc, with input estimates of 356 and 1040 tons, respectively. Retention in the fjords is not included in the above mentioned values, which in several cases would reduce the actual to open marine waters considerably

Oslo and Paris Commissions (OSPAR) Annual report in direct and riverine inputs to Norwegian coastal waters during the year 1997. A. Principles results and discussions B. Data report

Riverine inputs of nutrients, selected heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants to Norwegian coastal waters from 10 main and 145 tributary rivers have been monitored during 1997. In addition, the inputs from rivers not monitored as well as direct discharges to marine waters along the coast from Sweden to Russia have been estimated. According to the results, total annual nutrient load to coastal waters from landbased sources, is approximately 3600 tonns of phoshorus and 101.600 tonnes of nitrogen. About 40 per cent of the phosphorus and 59 per cent of the nitrogen are inputs from the monitored rivers and tributaries. Most inputs of heavy metals are low, especially the riverine inputs of Cd, Pb and Hg. A few values of Cd and Pb are below the detection limits of the specific analysis, and about 45 % of the Hg-analyses except for the "Skagerrak-rivers", where about 70 % of the Hg-values are above the detection limit. Most values of the different congeners of PCB are below the detection limit. The pesticide lindane is detection in most analyses in small amounts. Total load of this compound is estimated to about 80 kg. The largest yields from heavy metals comprise copper and zinc, with input estimates of 326 and 902 tonnes, respectively. Retention in the fjords is not included in the above mentioned values, which in several cases would reduce the actual load to open marine waters considerably

Paris convention. Annual report on direct and riverine inputs to Norwegian coastal waters during the year 1993. A. Principles, results and discussion. B. Data report

Riverine inputs of nutrients, selected heavy metals and organic micropollutants to Norwegian coastal waters from 10 main and 145 tributary rivers have been monitored during 1993. The inputs from rivers not monitored as well as direct discharges to marine waters along the coast from Sweden to Russia have been estimated. According to the results, total annual nutrient load to coastal waters from landbased sources, is approximately 3680 tons of phosphorus and 93800 tons of nitrogen. About 34 per cent of the phosphorus and 55 per cent of the nitrogen are inputs from the monitored rivers and tributaries. Most inputs of heavy metals are low, especially the riverine inputs of Cd, Pb, and Hg. A few values of Cd and Pb are below the detection limits of the specific analysis. This is also the case for Hg except for the "Skagerrak-rivers", where 79% of the Hg-values were above the detection limit. Most values of different congeners of PCB were below the limit. The pesticide lindane is detected in most analyses in small amounts. Total load of this compound is estimated to about 87 kg. The largest yields from heavy metals comprise copper and zinc, with input estimates of 273 and 905 tons, respectively. retention in the fjords is not included in the above mentioned values, which in several cases would reduce the actual load to open marine waters considerably

Paris convention. Annual report on direct and riverine inputs to Norwegian coastal waters during the year 1995. Part A: Principles, results and discussion. Part B: Data report

Riverine inputs of nutrients, selected heavy metals and organic micropollutants to Norwegian coastal waters from 10 main and 145 tributary rivers have been monitored during 1995. The inputs from rivers not monitored as well as direct discharges to marine waters along the coast from Sweden to Russia have been estimated. According to the results, total annual nutrient load to coastal waters from landbased sources, is approximately 4000 tonnes of phosphorus and 105.200 tonnes of nitrogen. About 43 per cent of the phosphorus and 60 per cent of the nitrogen are inputs from the monitored rivers and tributaries. Most inputs of heavy metals are low, especially the riverine inputs of Cd, Pb and Hg. A few values of Cd and Pb are below the detection limits of the specific analysis, and about 50 % of the Hg-analyses except for the "Skagrrak- rivers", where more than 60 % of the Hg-values were above the detection limit. Most values of the different congeners of PCB were below the detection limit. The pesticide lindane is detected in most analyses in small amounts. Total load of this compound is estimated to about 107 kg. The largest yields from heavy metals comprise copper and zinc, with input estimates of 347 and 967 tonnes, respectively. Retention in the fjords is not included in the above mentioned values, which in several cases would reduce the actual load to open marine waters considerably.Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT

Paris Convention. Annual report on direct and riverine inputs to Norwegian coastal waters during the year 1990. Report a: Principles, results and discussion

Riverine inputs to Norwegian coastal water from 10 main and 145 tributary rivers have been monitored during 1990. The loading from rivers not monitored as well as direct discharges to marine waters along the coast fromSweden to Soviet Union have been estimated. According to the results, total annual nutrient load to coastal waters from landbased sources, is approximately 3.990 tons of phosphorus and 101.000 tons of nitrogen. About 50 % of the phosphorus and 60 % of the nitrogen are inputs from the monitored rivers and tributaties. Discharges of heavy metals and micropollutants are also included in the investigation. Most inputs of thesesubstances are low, especially the riverine inputs of Cd, Pb and Hg. Most values of these substances are below the detection limits of the specific analysis, which also is the case for the different congeners of PCBs. The herbicide lindane is detected in most analyses in small amounts. Total load of this compound is estimated to about 530 kg. The largest yields from heavymetals comprise opper and zinc, with input estimates of 630 and 1.670 tons, respectively. Retention in the fjords is not included in the above mentionedvalues, which in several cases would reduce the actual load to open marine waters considerably.Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT