THE CANADA- U.S. TRADE DISPUTES ON DAIRY AND POULTRY: A GOOD EXAMPLE

International Relations/Trade,

MAKE NO MISTAKE: THE BENEFITS OF AN ERRORLESS LEARNING PROCEDURE IN A DEPRESSED POPULATION

Despite evidence of verbal memory deficits in people with depression (Goodall et al., 2018), there are currently minimal studies examining the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation techniques in this population, and no studies examining the effectiveness of errorless learning procedures (EL). Errorless learning eliminates errors during encoding which contrasts with traditional trial-and-error, effortful learning (EF). This paper argues that because the memory deficits in depression are largely due to dysexecutive functioning (Snyder 2013) errorless learning procedures could be beneficial to this population because it helps reduce the burden on executive functioning during encoding and retrieval. Moreover, a newer modification of errorless learning that includes semantically rich cues (i.e., errorless learning plus self-generation EL-SG) was included in this study and hypothesized to produce even greater mnemonic benefit by facilitating deeper elaboration on material. This mixed-design study used a stem-completion task in an MTurk sample of 165 participants (60 non-depressed; 65 depressed) to test proposed hypotheses. Analyses revealed that regardless of depression status, participants performed better on immediate free recall following EL learning, which was consistent with proposed hypotheses. Moreover, as anticipated, EL-SG provided an additive advantage over both EL and EF procedures for immediate and cued recall. A novel finding was that participants preferred selfgeneration procedures far more than the other two learning conditions, which has not yet been examined as a potential mechanism for the errorless learning advantage. In contrast, proposed interaction effects between depression status and learning condition were not observed as there were no memory differences between the depressed and non-depressed group. Additionally, delayed recall performances were not consistent with a priori hypotheses, which may have been due to unanticipated recency effects. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed

Boundary condition for Ginzburg-Landau theory of superconducting layers

Electrostatic charging changes the critical temperature of superconducting thin layers. To understand the basic mechanism, it is possible to use the Ginzburg-Landau theory with the boundary condition derived by de Gennes from the BCS theory. Here we show that a similar boundary condition can be obtained from the principle of minimum free energy. We compare the two boundary conditions and use the Budd-Vannimenus theorem as a test of approximations.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND FOR IMPORTED MEATS IN RUSSIA

Elasticities of demand for meat imports in Russia are estimated using an AIDS model. The model differentiates among sources of imports as well as kinds of meat, but since the number of observations on Russian imports is limited, an improved block-substitutability restriction is introduced to conserve degress of freedom. The estimates of expenditure elasticities are positive for beef, pork, and chicken imported from western countries, and for beef and chicken, are larger than one. The expenditure elasticities are negative for beef and pork imported from former Soviet trade block countries. (Chicken is not imported from these countries.) Consistent with logic, the (compensated) cross-price elasticities indicate that products imported from different sources are substitutes. These estimates are perhaps the first available for the Russian economy, and not surprisingly, they indicate that declining real incomes in Russia mean decreasing meat imports from western countries.Demand and Price Analysis,

AN ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY STUDY OF PRESSURIZED FLUIDIZED BEDS

Simultaneous electrical capacitance tomography measurements for two planes were performed to obtain detailed information on bubble characteristics in a pressurized fluidized bed. Average permittivity values were used to get estimates of bubble sizes, while cross correlation was applied to the signals of both planes to obtain average bubble rise velocities. At low pressures, a wide variation in bubble size was observed. Large stable bubbles tend to affect fluidization smoothness significantly. At higher pressure, bubbles possessed a more uniform size and were in general smaller. Consequently fluidization behavior was observed to be smoother at higher pressures

Numerical Analysis of Solids Mixing in Pressurized Fluidized Beds

In the production and processing of granular matter, mixing of solids plays an important role. Granular materials such as sand, polymeric particles, and fertilizers are processed in different apparatuses such as fluidized beds, rotary kilns, and spouted beds. In the operation of these apparatuses, proper mixing is essential, as it helps to prevent the formation of hot spots, off-specification products, and undesired agglomerates. In this article, we discuss various methods that are available to give quantitative information on the solids mixing state in granular systems based on a discrete description of the solids phase. We apply the different methods to two-fluid model simulations. It is found that some of these methods are grid-dependent; not reproducible; sensitive to macroscopic flow patterns; and/or able to calculate only overall mixing indices, rather than indices for each direction. We compare some methods described in the literature, and in addition, we propose two new methods that do not suffer from the disadvantages mentioned above. Simulations are performed for seven different operating pressures. It is found that mixing improves with operating pressure as a result of increased porosity in the dense phase