RG108 increases NANOG and OCT4 in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells through global changes in DNA modifications and epigenetic activation. RG108 increases NANOG and OCT4 through epigenetic activation.

Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) are important for tissue regeneration but their epigenetic regulation is not well understood. Here we investigate the ability of a non-nucleoside DNA methylation inhibitor, RG108 to induce epigenetic changes at both global and gene-specific levels in order to enhance mesenchymal cell markers, in hBMSCs. hBMSCs were treated with complete culture medium, 50 μM RG108 and DMSO for three days and subjected to viability and apoptosis assays, global and gene-specific methylation/hydroxymethylation, transcript levels' analysis of epigenetic machinery enzymes and multipotency markers, protein activities of DNMTs and TETs, immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis for NANOG and OCT4 and flow cytometry for CD105. The RG108, when used at 50 μM, did not affect the viability, apoptosis and proliferation rates of hBMSCs or hydroxymethylation global levels while leading to 75% decrease in DNMTs activity and 42% loss of global DNA methylation levels. In addition, DNMT1 was significantly downregulated while TET1 was upregulated, potentially contributing to the substantial loss of methylation observed. Most importantly, the mesenchymal cell markers CD105, NANOG and OCT4 were upregulated being NANOG and OCT4 epigenetically modulated by RG108, at their gene promoters. We propose that RG108 could be used for epigenetic modulation, promoting epigenetic activation of NANOG and OCT4, without affecting the viability of hBMSCs. DMSO can be considered a modulator of epigenetic machinery enzymes, although with milder effect compared to RG108

Non-state space: The strategic ejection of dangerous and high maintenance urban space

Some commentators have characterised so-called ‘no-go’ areas as sites in which the exercise of authority is prevented. Here we suggest that many such spaces are produced by state, policing and citizen repertoires that aim to minimise the costs and risks of engaging, supporting and servicing such spaces and their populations. In this article we locate strategies of public spending, policing and political action that offer a governing logic in which neighbourhoods are essentially subtracted from the constitution of the city. During such designations the assurances of citizenship, vitality of civic institutions and presence of policing may be partially or wholly suspended. We present a framework for the identification of such strategies in which these forms of social, political and spatial exiting are described as being autotomic in nature – spaces that are ejected in order to avoid losses or further damage to the body politic of the city in ways akin to the response of certain animals that protect themselves from predation by shedding a limb or body part. This term adds force and depth to assessments of the ways in which both temporary and more sustained exits by policing, management and state servicing are designed in order to avoid responsibility over, or engagement with, spaces that are deemed a threat in order to maintain the integrity of the remaining, included city

Características morfométricas e da carcaça de tambaqui abatidos com diferentes pesos.

Peixe de destaque na piscicultura nacional, o tambaqui é a espécie nativa mais cultivada no Brasil em virtude da sua facilidade de produção e boa aceitação no mercado. Neste contexto, a pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar as características morfométricas e da carcaça de tambaqui abatidos com diferentes pesos. Foram utilizados vinte e quatro tambaquis, em que os tratamentos (T) foram em função do peso vivo dos animais constituídos por T1: tambaquis entre 1 e 1,5 kg, T2: entre 2 e 2,5 kg e T3: entre 3 e 3,5 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Todas as medidas morfométricas aumentaram (P<0,01) à medida que se elevou o peso ao abate dos animais. As razões morfométricas comprimento da cabeça/comprimento padrão (CC/CP), largura do tronco/comprimento do tronco (LT/CT), altura do tronco/comprimento do tronco (AT/CT) e altura do tronco/comprimento padrão (AT/CP) reduziram (P<0,01) com o aumento do peso. O peso de carcaça com e sem cabeça e de tronco limpo, assim como os dos componentes não-carcaça também aumentou (P<0,01), com exceção do rendimento do peixe eviscerado que foi maior (P<0,01) e do rendimento das vísceras que foi menor (P<0,05) nos animais abatidos entre 2,0 e 2,5 kg. Tambaquis abatidos com peso vivo entre 2,0 e 2,5 kg apresentam maior rendimento de carcaça e menor rendimento de vísceras