Heat transport by turbulent Rayleigh-B\'enard convection for $\Pra\ \simeq 0.8and and 3\times 10^{12} \alt \Ra\ \alt 10^{15}:Aspectratio: Aspect ratio \Gamma = 0.50$

We report experimental results for heat-transport measurements, in the form of the Nusselt number \Nu, by turbulent Rayleigh-B\'enard convection in a cylindrical sample of aspect ratio $\Gamma \equiv D/L = 0.50$ ($D = 1.12$ m is the diameter and $L = 2.24$ m the height). The measurements were made using sulfur hexafluoride at pressures up to 19 bars as the fluid. They are for the Rayleigh-number range 3\times 10^{12} \alt \Ra \alt 10^{15} and for Prandtl numbers \Pra\ between 0.79 and 0.86. For \Ra < \Ra^*_1 \simeq 1.4\times 10^{13} we find \Nu = N_0 \Ra^{\gamma_{eff}} with $\gamma_{eff} = 0.312 \pm 0.002$, consistent with classical turbulent Rayleigh-B\'enard convection in a system with laminar boundary layers below the top and above the bottom plate. For \Ra^*_1 < \Ra < \Ra^*_2 (with \Ra^*_2 \simeq 5\times 10^{14}) $\gamma_{eff}$ gradually increases up to $0.37\pm 0.01$. We argue that above \Ra^*_2 the system is in the ultimate state of convection where the boundary layers, both thermal and kinetic, are also turbulent. Several previous measurements for $\Gamma = 0.50$ are re-examined and compared with the present results.Comment: 44 pages, 18 figures, submitted to NJ

Controlling Fast Chaos in Delay Dynamical Systems

We introduce a novel approach for controlling fast chaos in time-delay dynamical systems and use it to control a chaotic photonic device with a characteristic time scale of ~12 ns. Our approach is a prescription for how to implement existing chaos control algorithms in a way that exploits the system's inherent time-delay and allows control even in the presence of substantial control-loop latency (the finite time it takes signals to propagate through the components in the controller). This research paves the way for applications exploiting fast control of chaos, such as chaos-based communication schemes and stabilizing the behavior of ultrafast lasers.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Physical Review Letter

Predation pressure by avian predators suggests summer limitation of small-mammal populations in the Canadian Arctic

Predation has been suggested to be especially important in simple food webs and less productive ecosystems such as the arctic tundra, but very few data are available to evaluate this hypothesis. We examined the hypothesis that avian predators could drive the population dynamics of two cyclic lemming species in the Canadian Arctic. A dense and diverse suite of predatory birds, including the Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus), the Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus), and the Long-tailed Jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus), inhabits the arctic tundra and prey on collared (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) and brown (Lemmus trimucronatus) lemmings during the snow-free period. We evaluated the predation pressure exerted by these predators by combining their numerical (variation in breeding and fledgling numbers) and functional (variation in diet and daily consumption rates) responses to variations in lemming densities over the 2004-2010 period. Breeding density and number of fledglings produced by the three main avian predators increased sharply without delay in response to increasing lemming densities. The proportion of collared lemmings in the diet of those predators was high at low lemming density (both species) but decreased as lemming density increased. However, we found little evidence that their daily consumption rates vary in relation to changes in lemming density. Total consumption rate by avian predators initially increased more rapidly for collared lemming but eventually leveled off at a much higher value for brown lemmings, the most abundant species at our site. The combined daily predation rate of avian predators exceeded the maximum daily potential growth rates of both lemming species except at the highest recorded densities for brown lemmings. We thus show, for the first time, that predation pressure exerted without delay by avian predators can limit populations of coexisting lemming species during the snow-free period, and thus, that predation could play a role in the cyclic dynamic of these species in the tundra.</p

Efectos de las condiciones primaverales en la propensión reproductora de las hembras de ánsar nival

Breeding propensity, defined as the probability that a sexually mature adult will breed in a given year, is an important determinant of annual productivity. It is also one of the least known demographic parameters in vertebrates. We studied the relationship between breeding propensity and conditions on spring staging areas (a spring conservation hunt) and the breeding grounds (spring snow cover) in Greater Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica), a long distance migrant that breeds in the High Arctic. We combined information from mark–recapture, telemetry, and nest survey data to estimate breeding propensity over a 7–year period. True temporal variation in breeding propensity was considerable (mean: 0.574 [95% CI considering only process variation: 0.13 to 1.0]). Spring snow cover was negatively related to breeding propensity (snow = –2.05 ± 0.96 SE) and tended to be reduced in years with a spring hunt ( = –0.78 ± 0.35). Nest densities on the breeding colony and fall ratios of young:adults were good indices of annual variation in breeding propensity, with nest densities being slightly more precise. These results suggest that conditions encountered during the pre–breeding period can have a significant impact on productivity of Arctic–nesting birds.La propensión reproductora, definida como la probabilidad de que un adulto sexualmente maduro se reproduzca en un determinado año, constituye un importante determinante de la productividad anual. También es uno de los parámetros demográficos menos conocidos de los vertebrados. Estudiamos la relación entre la propensión reproductora y las condiciones reproductoras en áreas de acumulación primaveral de nutrientes (cacería primaveral orientada a la conservación) y emplazamientos de reproducción (capa de nieve durante la primavera) en el ánsar nival (Chen caerulescens atlántica), un ave migratoria que recorre grandes distancias y que se reproduce en el Alto Ártico. Combinamos la información de marcaje–recaptura, telemetría y datos de supervivencia en el nido para estimar la propensión reproductora durante un período de siete años. La variación temporal verdadera en la propensión reproductora fue significativa [media: 0,574 (95% CI, considerando únicamente la variación en los procesos: de 0,13 a 1,0)]. La capa de nieve primaveral se relacionó negativamente con la propensión reproductora (snow = – 2,05 ± 0,96 EE), tendiendo a reducirse en los años en que se había producido una cacería primaveral ( = –0,78 ± 0,35). Las densidades de los nidos de la colonia reproductora y la tasa de jóvenes:adultos en otoño constituyeron buenos índices de la variación anual en la propensión reproductora, siendo las densidades de los nidos ligeramente más precisas. Tales resultados sugieren que las condiciones presentes durante el período previo a la reproducción pueden tener un impacto significativo en la productividad de las aves que nidifican en el Ártico

Are Electrons Oscillating Photons, Oscillating “Vacuum," or Something Else? The 2015 Panel Discussion: An Unprecedented Engineering Opportunity: A Dynamical Linear Theory of Energy as Light and Matter

Platform: What physical attributes separate EM waves, of the enormous band of radio to visible to x-ray, from the high energy narrow band of gamma-ray? From radio to visible to x-ray, telescopes are designed based upon the optical imaging theory; which is an extension of the Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral. Do we understand the physical properties of gamma rays that defy us to manipulate them similarly? One demonstrated unique property of gamma rays is that they can be converted to elementary particles (electron and positron pair); or a particle-antiparticle pair can be converted into gamma rays. Thus, EM waves and elementary particles, being inter-convertible; we cannot expect to understand the deeper nature of light without succeeding to find structural inter-relationship between photons and particles. This topic is directly relevant to develop a deeper understanding of the nature of light; which will, in turn, help our engineers to invent better optical instruments

Heat transport by turbulent Rayleigh-B\'enard convection for $\Pra\ \simeq 0.8and and 4\times 10^{11} \alt \Ra\ \alt 2\times10^{14}:Ultimate−statetransitionforaspectratio: Ultimate-state transition for aspect ratio \Gamma = 1.00$

We report experimental results for heat-transport measurements by turbulent Rayleigh-B\'enard convection in a cylindrical sample of aspect ratio $\Gamma \equiv D/L = 1.00$ ($D = 1.12$ m is the diameter and $L = 1.12$ m the height). They are for the Rayleigh-number range 4\times10^{11} \alt \Ra \alt 2\times10^{14} and for Prandtl numbers \Pra\ between 0.79 and 0.86. For \Ra < \Ra^*_1 \simeq 2\times 10^{13} we find \Nu = N_0 \Ra^{\gamma_{eff}} with $\gamma_{eff} = 0.321 \pm 0.002$ and $N_0 = 0.0776$, consistent with classical turbulent Rayleigh-B\'enard convection in a system with laminar boundary layers below the top and above the bottom plate and with the prediction of Grossmann and Lohse. For \Ra > \Ra_1^* the data rise above the classical-state power-law and show greater scatter. In analogy to similar behavior observed for $\Gamma = 0.50$, we interpret this observation as the onset of the transition to the ultimate state. Within our resolution this onset occurs at nearly the same value of \Ra_1^* as it does for $\Gamma = 0.50$. This differs from an earlier estimate by Roche {\it et al.} which yielded a transition at \Ra_U \simeq 1.3\times 10^{11} \Gamma^{-2.5\pm 0.5}. A $\Gamma$-independent \Ra^*_1 would suggest that the boundary-layer shear transition is induced by fluctuations on a scale less than the sample dimensions rather than by a global $\Gamma$-dependent flow mode. Within the resolution of the measurements the heat transport above \Ra_1^* is equal for the two $\Gamma$ values, suggesting a universal aspect of the ultimate-state transition and properties. The enhanced scatter of \Nu\ in the transition region, which exceeds the experimental resolution, indicates an intrinsic irreproducibility of the state of the system.Comment: 17 pages, including 2 pages of data tables and 56 references. Submitted to New J. Phy

Sound velocity and absorption measurements under high pressure using picosecond ultrasonics in diamond anvil cell. Application to the stability study of AlPdMn

We report an innovative high pressure method combining the diamond anvil cell device with the technique of picosecond ultrasonics. Such an approach allows to accurately measure sound velocity and attenuation of solids and liquids under pressure of tens of GPa, overcoming all the drawbacks of traditional techniques. The power of this new experimental technique is demonstrated in studies of lattice dynamics, stability domain and relaxation process in a metallic sample, a perfect single-grain AlPdMn quasicrystal, and rare gas, neon and argon. Application to the study of defect-induced lattice stability in AlPdMn up to 30 GPa is proposed. The present work has potential for application in areas ranging from fundamental problems in physics of solid and liquid state, which in turn could be beneficial for various other scientific fields as Earth and planetary science or material research

A z = 3.045 Lyα emitting halo hosting a QSO and a possible candidate for AGN-triggered star formation

In this third paper in a series on the nature of extended, asymmetric Lyα emitters at z ∼ 3 we report the discovery, in an ultra-deep, blind, spectroscopic long-slit survey, of a Lyα emitting halo around a QSO at redshift 3.045. The QSO is a previously known, obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN). The Lyα emitting halo appears extended along the direction of the slit and exhibits two faint patches separated by 17 proper kpc in projection from the QSO. Comparison of the two-dimensional spectrum with archival Hubble Space Telescope ACS images shows that these patches coincide spatially with emission from a peculiar, dumbbell-shaped, faint galaxy. The assumptions that the Lyα emission patches are originating in the galaxy and that the galaxy is physically related to the QSO are at variance with photometric estimates of the galaxy redshift. We show, however, that a population of very young stars at the redshift of the QSO may fit the existing rest-frame broad-band UV photometry of the galaxy. If this scenario is correct, then the symmetry of the galaxy in continuum and Lyα emission, the extension of the QSO’s Lyα emission in its direction, and the likely presence of a young stellar population in close proximity to a (short-lived) AGN suggest that this may be an example of AGN feedback triggering external star formation in high-redshift galaxies

Long-term aging and loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) testing of electrical cables

Experiments were performed to assess the aging degradation and loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) behavior of electrical cables subjected to long-term aging exposures. Four different cable types were tested in both the U.S. and France: (1) U.S. 2 conductor with ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) insulation and a Hypalon jacket. (2) U.S. 3 conductor with cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation and a Hypalon jacket. (3) French 3 conductor with EPR insulation and a Hypalon jacket. (4) French coaxial with polyethylene (PE) insulation and a PE jacket. The data represent up to 5 years of simultaneous aging where the cables were exposed to identical aging radiation doses at either 40{degrees}C or 70{degrees}C; however, the dose rate used for the aging irradiation was varied over a wide range (2-100 Gy/hr). Aging was followed by exposure to simulated French LOCA conditions. Several mechanical, electrical, and physical-chemical condition monitoring techniques were used to investigate the degradation behavior of the cables. All the cables, except for the French PE cable, performed acceptably during the aging and LOCA simulations. In general, cable degradation at a given dose was highest for the lowest dose rate, and the amount of degradation decreased as the dose rate was increased