Estrategias de conservaci?n comunitaria como contribuci?n al desarrollo ambiental sostenible del bosque de Galilea, en el oriente del departamento del Tolima

98 p. Recurso Electr?nicoEl bosque de Galilea se encuentra ubicado en el oriente del departamento del Tolima, municipio de Villarrica, con una superficie aproximada de 22.000 hect?reas y altitudes que oscilan entre 1000 y 3000 msnm, correspondiente seg?n Holdridge a bosque h?medo montano bajo (bh-MB) y bosque muy h?medo montano (bmh-M), con temperaturas que var?an entre 6 y 18?C. Fueron seleccionadas las comunidades locales de cuatro veredas (Puerto Lleras, Alto Puerto Lleras, Cuatro Mil y Galilea) que viven en el ?rea de influencia debido al f?cil acceso y su relaci?n directa con la cobertura de bosque natural. Este proyecto se bas? principalmente en identificar actores sociales claves que con su capacidad de convocatoria logren reunir a las comunidades de las diferentes veredas para que en conjunto se logre un an?lisis de la relaci?n ambiental, social y econ?mica de la poblaci?n que habita alrededor del bosque de Galilea, apoyados en herramientas como la FODA, adem?s, se identificaron los principales usos del bosque, la productividad, las actividades que realizan en este mediante la configuraci?n de im?genes territoriales, se hizo un reconocimiento cultural del territorio y de su biodiversidad por medio de exposiciones, charlas y actividades l?dicas con el fin de resaltar y visualizar la diversidad y la flora silvestre de la localidad, su importancia maderera, artesanal, alimenticia, entre otros, con el fin de construir conjuntamente unas estrategias de conservaci?n. Palabras clave: Actores sociales, bosque muy h?medo montano y bosque h?medo montano bajo, diversidad, conservaci?n, comunidadThe project will take place in the forest of Galilea, located in the eastern department of Tolima in the town of Villarrica, It has an approximate area of 22,000 hectares between 1200 and 3100 meters and corresponds to a very humid montane forest (BMH-PM) according to the classification of Holdridge life zones. With temperatures ranging between 12 and 24 C ?. Local communities four-lane Puerto Lleras, Alto Puerto Lleras, Cuatro Mil y Galilea living in the catchment area due to easy access and its direct relationship with the natural forest cover was taken into account. This project is mainly based on identifying key social actors with its convening achieve bring together communities of different paths to jointly an analysis of environmental, social and economic relations of the people living around the forest is achieved Galilea, He supported tools such as FODA , also the main uses of the forest are identified, productivity, their activities in this by configuring territorial images, will be a cultural recognition of the territory and its biodiversity through exhibitions, lectures and games in order to highlight and display the diversity and wild flora of the town, its timber, craft, food importance, among others, in order to jointly build strategies of conservation activities. Keywords: social actors, montane wet forest, lower montane rain forest, diversity, conservation, community

Plan de negocios para una empresa dedicada al servicio de intermediaci?n entre conductores y pasajeros de servicio de transporte p?blico individual (taxi) a trav?s de una plataforma tecnol?gica : aplicaci?n movil para smartphone

El presente plan de negocio consiste en la prestaci?n de servicio de intermediaci?n entre conductores y pasajeros de servicio de transporte p?blico individual (taxi) a trav?s de una plataforma tecnol?gica (aplicaci?n m?vil para smartphone), teniendo en consideraci?n adicionar a partir del segundo a?o el servicio de publicidad e investigaci?n de mercado, dirigido a las empresas anunciantes y a las que a?n no anuncian, utilizando como herramienta las unidades de transporte de servicio p?blico individual (taxis). Estas unidades ser?n adecuadas para el fin del modelo de negocio adicional. El modelo de negocio propone un portafolio de opciones como publicidad a trav?s de pantallas t?ctiles al interior del veh?culo, publicidad en la luna posterior del veh?culo mediante viniles removibles, aplicaci?n de encuestas y prueba de productos durante el trayecto de viaje del usuario y publicidad mediante folletos. El modelo de negocio adicional se basar? en alianzas estrat?gicas con agencias de publicidad, las cuales ofrecer?n dentro de su abanico de opciones los servicios mencionados a sus clientes. Por otro lado, el servicio de intermediaci?n se realizar? mediante una aplicaci?n m?vil que se descargar? f?cilmente en los dispositivos m?viles, las comisiones que se pagar?n a los conductores ser?n las m?s bajas del mercado permiti?ndoles obtener mayores ganancias por cada servicio, y cuyas tarifas ser?n atractivas para el mercado. El principal ingreso provendr? del servicio de intermediaci?n de taxi ya que representa el 90% de ingresos y el servicio de publicidad e investigaci?n solo el 10%

The Pioneer Anomaly

Radio-metric Doppler tracking data received from the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft from heliocentric distances of 20-70 AU has consistently indicated the presence of a small, anomalous, blue-shifted frequency drift uniformly changing with a rate of ~6 x 10^{-9} Hz/s. Ultimately, the drift was interpreted as a constant sunward deceleration of each particular spacecraft at the level of a_P = (8.74 +/- 1.33) x 10^{-10} m/s^2. This apparent violation of the Newton's gravitational inverse-square law has become known as the Pioneer anomaly; the nature of this anomaly remains unexplained. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the physical properties of the anomaly and the conditions that led to its detection and characterization. We review various mechanisms proposed to explain the anomaly and discuss the current state of efforts to determine its nature. A comprehensive new investigation of the anomalous behavior of the two Pioneers has begun recently. The new efforts rely on the much-extended set of radio-metric Doppler data for both spacecraft in conjunction with the newly available complete record of their telemetry files and a large archive of original project documentation. As the new study is yet to report its findings, this review provides the necessary background for the new results to appear in the near future. In particular, we provide a significant amount of information on the design, operations and behavior of the two Pioneers during their entire missions, including descriptions of various data formats and techniques used for their navigation and radio-science data analysis. As most of this information was recovered relatively recently, it was not used in the previous studies of the Pioneer anomaly, but it is critical for the new investigation.Comment: 165 pages, 40 figures, 16 tables; accepted for publication in Living Reviews in Relativit

Regional and experiential differences in surgeon preference for the treatment of cervical facet injuries: a case study survey with the AO Spine Cervical Classification Validation Group

Purpose: The management of cervical facet dislocation injuries remains controversial. The main purpose of this investigation was to identify whether a surgeon’s geographic location or years in practice influences their preferred management of traumatic cervical facet dislocation injuries. Methods: A survey was sent to 272 AO Spine members across all geographic regions and with a variety of practice experience. The survey included clinical case scenarios of cervical facet dislocation injuries and asked responders to select preferences among various diagnostic and management options. Results: A total of 189 complete responses were received. Over 50% of responding surgeons in each region elected to initiate management of cervical facet dislocation injuries with an MRI, with 6 case exceptions. Overall, there was considerable agreement between American and European responders regarding management of these injuries, with only 3 cases exhibiting a significant difference. Additionally, results also exhibited considerable management agreement between those with ≤ 10 and > 10 years of practice experience, with only 2 case exceptions noted. Conclusion: More than half of responders, regardless of geographical location or practice experience, identified MRI as a screening imaging modality when managing cervical facet dislocation injuries, regardless of the status of the spinal cord and prior to any additional intervention. Additionally, a majority of surgeons would elect an anterior approach for the surgical management of these injuries. The study found overall agreement in management preferences of cervical facet dislocation injuries around the globe

Anti-tumour necrosis factor discontinuation in inflammatory bowel disease patients in remission: study protocol of a prospective, multicentre, randomized clinical trial

Background: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease who achieve remission with anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs may have treatment withdrawn due to safety concerns and cost considerations, but there is a lack of prospective, controlled data investigating this strategy. The primary study aim is to compare the rates of clinical remission at 1?year in patients who discontinue anti-TNF treatment versus those who continue treatment. Methods: This is an ongoing, prospective, double-blind, multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with Crohn?s disease or ulcerative colitis who have achieved clinical remission for ?6?months with an anti-TNF treatment and an immunosuppressant. Patients are being randomized 1:1 to discontinue anti-TNF therapy or continue therapy. Randomization stratifies patients by the type of inflammatory bowel disease and drug (infliximab versus adalimumab) at study inclusion. The primary endpoint of the study is sustained clinical remission at 1?year. Other endpoints include endoscopic and radiological activity, patient-reported outcomes (quality of life, work productivity), safety and predictive factors for relapse. The required sample size is 194 patients. In addition to the main analysis (discontinuation versus continuation), subanalyses will include stratification by type of inflammatory bowel disease, phenotype and previous treatment. Biological samples will be obtained to identify factors predictive of relapse after treatment withdrawal. Results: Enrolment began in 2016, and the study is expected to end in 2020. Conclusions: This study will contribute prospective, controlled data on outcomes and predictors of relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after withdrawal of anti-TNF agents following achievement of clinical remission. Clinical trial reference number: EudraCT 2015-001410-1