674 research outputs found
Building and bridge pounding damage observed in 2011 Christchurch earthquake
This paper describes pounding damage sustained by buildings and bridges in the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Approximately 6% of buildings in Christchurch CBD were observed to have suffered some form of serious pounding damage. Almost all of this pounding damage occurred in masonry buildings, further highlighting their vulnerability to this phenomenon. Modern buildings were found to be vulnerable to pounding damage where overly stiff and strong ‘flashing’ components were installed in existing building separations. Soil variability is identified as a key aspect that amplifies the relative movement of buildings, and hence increases the likelihood of pounding damage. Pounding damage in bridges was found to be relatively minor and infrequent in the Christchurch earthquake
Direct-write, focused ion beam-deposited,7 K superconducting C-Ga-O nanowire
We have fabricated C-Ga-O nanowires by gallium focused ion beam-induced
deposition from the carbon-based precursor phenanthrene. The electrical
conductivity of the nanowires is weakly temperature dependent below 300 K, and
indicates a transition to a superconducting state below Tc = 7 K. We have
measured the temperature dependence of the upper critical field Hc2(T), and
estimate a zero temperature critical field of 8.8 T. The Tc of this material is
approximately 40% higher than that of any other direct write nanowire, such as
those based on C-W-Ga, expanding the possibility of fabricating direct-write
nanostructures that superconduct above liquid helium temperaturesComment: Accepted for AP
Quench Detection in a Superconducting Radio Frequency Cavity with Combine Temperature and Magnetic Field Mapping
Local dissipation of RF power in superconducting radio frequency cavities
create so called hot spots, primary precursors of cavity quench driven by
either thermal or magnetic instability. These hot spots are detected by a
temperature mapping system, and a large increase in temperature on the outer
surface is detected during cavity quench events. Here, we have used combined
magnetic and temperature mapping systems using anisotropic magnetoresistance
(AMR) sensors and carbon resisters to locate the hot spots and areas with high
trapped flux on a 3.0 GHz single-cell Nb cavity during the RF tests at 2.0 K.
The quench location and hot spots were detected near the equator when the
residual magnetic field in the Dewar is kept < 1 mG. The hot spots and quench
locations moved when the magnetic field is trapped locally, as detected by
T-mapping system. No significant dynamics of trapped flux is detected by AMR
sensors, however, change in magnetic flux during cavity quench is detected by a
flux gate magnetometer, close to the quench location. The result provides the
direct evidence of hot spots and quench events due to localized trapped
vortices.Comment: 21st International Conference on Radio-Frequency Superconductivity
(SRF 2023
Intensity measures for the seismic response of pile foundations
In this study the efficacy of various ground motion intensity measures for the seismic
response of pile foundations embedded in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils is investigated.
A soil-pile-structure model consisting of a two-layer soil deposit with a single pile and a
single degree-of-freedom superstructure is used in a parametric study to determine the salient
features of the seismic response of the soil-pile-structure system. A suite of ground motion
records scaled to various levels of intensity are used to investigate the full range of pile
behaviour, from elastic response to failure. Various intensity measures are used to inspect
their efficiency in predicting the seismic demand on the pile foundation for a given level of
ground motion intensity. It is found that velocity-based intensity measures are the most
efficient in predicting the pile response, which is measured in terms of maximum curvature or
pile-head displacement. In particular, velocity spectrum intensity (VSI), which represents the
integral of the pseudo-velocity spectrum over a wide period range, is found to be the most
efficient intensity measure in predicting the seismic demands on the pile foundation. VSI is
also found to be a sufficient intensity measure with respect to earthquake magnitude, sourceto-
site distance, and epsilon, and has a good predictability, thus making it a prime candidate
for use in seismic response analysis of pile foundations
D-STACK: High Throughput DNN Inference by Effective Multiplexing and Spatio-Temporal Scheduling of GPUs
Hardware accelerators such as GPUs are required for real-time, low-latency
inference with Deep Neural Networks (DNN). However, due to the inherent limits
to the parallelism they can exploit, DNNs often under-utilize the capacity of
today's high-end accelerators. Although spatial multiplexing of the GPU, leads
to higher GPU utilization and higher inference throughput, there remain a
number of challenges. Finding the GPU percentage for right-sizing the GPU for
each DNN through profiling, determining an optimal batching of requests to
balance throughput improvement while meeting application-specific deadlines and
service level objectives (SLOs), and maximizing throughput by appropriately
scheduling DNNs are still significant challenges. This paper introduces a
dynamic and fair spatio-temporal scheduler (D-STACK) that enables multiple DNNs
to run in the GPU concurrently. To help allocate the appropriate GPU percentage
(we call it the "Knee"), we develop and validate a model that estimates the
parallelism each DNN can utilize. We also develop a lightweight optimization
formulation to find an efficient batch size for each DNN operating with
D-STACK. We bring together our optimizations and our spatio-temporal scheduler
to provide a holistic inference framework. We demonstrate its ability to
provide high throughput while meeting application SLOs. We compare D-STACK with
an ideal scheduler that can allocate the right GPU percentage for every DNN
kernel. D-STACK gets higher than 90 percent throughput and GPU utilization
compared to the ideal scheduler. We also compare D-STACK with other GPU
multiplexing and scheduling methods (e.g., NVIDIA Triton, Clipper, Nexus),
using popular DNN models. Our controlled experiments with multiplexing several
popular DNN models achieve up to 1.6X improvement in GPU utilization and up to
4X improvement in inference throughput
Effects of antimicrobial addition on lipid oxidation of rendered chicken fat
This study evaluated the effects of antimicrobial acidulant addition on lipid oxidation of rendered chicken fat. Chicken fat was untreated (control) or treated with either sodium bisulfate (SBS) or lactic acid (LA) at 0.5% w/w and incubated for 6 wk at 40 °C. Peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (AV), and free fatty acid (FFA) levels were measured at days 0 (D0), 1(D1), 3 (D3), 5 (D5), and 7 (D7), and weeks 2 (W2), 3 (W3), 4 (W4), 5 (W5), and 6 (W6). The FFA level of untreated-control fat was ~7% and remained consistent throughout the incubation until W6 (~8.5%; P \u3c 0.05). The FFA values in SBS-treated fat were constant (range 7.25%–8.30%) throughout the incubation, whereas the FFA in LA-treated fat peaked at W5 (9.3%; P \u3c 0.05). For the control fat, PVs were between 0.56 and 0.67 meq/100 g until W1 then declined. For the SBS-treated fat, the PVs remained low and similar to the control with the exception of a slight increase on W4 to 0.38 meqv/100 g (P \u3c 0.05). In the LA-treated fat, the PV was greater than (P \u3c 0.05) the control from W1 and increased to a peak on W5 (2.52 meq/100 g). The AV of control fat averaged 2.12 at D0 and increased through W2. In control and LA-treated fat, the AV values declined slightly thereafter, whereas SBS-treated fat increased (P \u3c 0.05) to 10.28 on W5. This study indicates that when included at antimicrobial effective levels, LA may reduce the shelf-life of chicken fat, but SBS had a minimal effect over 6 wk of storage
Mitigation of \u3ci\u3eSalmonella\u3c/i\u3e on Food Contact Surfaces by Using Organic Acid Mixtures Containing 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio) Butanoic Acid (HMTBa)
Contaminated surfaces can transmit pathogens to food in industrial and domestic food-handling environments. Exposure to pathogens on food contact surfaces may take place via the cross-contamination of pathogens during postprocessing activities. Formaldehyde-based commercial sanitizers in recent years are less commonly being used within food manufacturing facilities due to consumer perception and labeling concerns. There is interest in investigating clean-label, food-safe components for use on food contact surfaces to mitigate contamination from pathogenic bacteria, including Salmonella. In this study, the antimicrobial effects of two types of organic acid mixtures containing 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMTBa), Activate DA™ and Activate US WD-MAX™, against Salmonella when applied onto various food contact surfaces were evaluated. The efficacy of Activate DA (HMTBa + fumaric acid + benzoic acid) at 1% and 2% and Activate US WD-MAX (HMTBa + lactic acid + phosphoric acid) at 0.5% and 1% against Salmonella enterica (serovars Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium) were evaluated on six different material surfaces: plastic (bucket elevator and tote bag), rubber (bucket elevator belt and automobile tire), stainless steel, and concrete. There was a significant difference in the Salmonella log reduction on the material surfaces due to the organic acid treatments when compared to the untreated surfaces. The type of material surface also had an effect on the log reductions obtained. Stainless steel and plastic (tote) had the highest Salmonella log reductions (3–3.5 logs), while plastic (bucket elevator) and rubber (tire) had the lowest log reductions (1–1.7 logs) after treatment with Activate US WD-MAX. For Activate DA, the lowest log reductions (~1.6 logs) were observed for plastic (bucket elevator) and rubber (tire), and the highest reductions were observed for plastic (tote), stainless steel, and concrete (2.8–3.2 logs). Overall, the results suggested that Activate DA at 2% and Activate US WD-MAX at 1% are potentially effective at reducing Salmonella counts on food contact surfaces by 1.6–3.5 logs
Evaluation of Single-Cell Cavities Made of Forged Ingot Niobium at Jefferson Lab
Currently, fine grain niobium (Nb) (grain size ∼ 50 µm) and large grain Nb (grain size of a few cm) are being used for the fabrication of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities. Medium grain forged ingot with grain size of a few hundred µm may be beneficial for cost-effectiveness as well as providing better performance for future SRF-based accelerators. Forged ingot Nb with medium grain size is a novel production method to obtain Nb discs used for the fabrication of superconducting radio frequency cavities. We have fabricated two 1.5 GHz single cell cavities made from forged Nb ingot with a residual resistivity ratio of ∼ 100. The cavities were chemically and mechanically polished and heat-treated in the temperature range of 650-1000 C before the rf test. One of the cavities reached an accelerating gradient of ∼34 MV/m with a quality factor Q \u3e 1e10, while the second cavity was limited at 14 MV/m, likely due to a weld defect at the equator
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