ЛУЧЕВЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ В КОМПЛЕКСНОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКЕ ЛИМФОГЕННОГО МЕТАСТАЗИРОВАНИЯ У БОЛЬНЫХ РАКОМ ГОРТАНИ И ГОРТАНОГЛОТКИ

The purpose of the study was a systematic literature review of imaging assessment of lymph node metastasis in patients with laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer.Material and methods. In order to review the most relevant scientific literature available, we searched Elibrary, Medline databases (from January 2005 to December 2017). Of 735 identified studies, 32 were assessed.Results. The role of ultrasonography, spiral computer tomography,  magnetic resonance tomography, positron emission tomography in  the assessment of regional metastatic spread in patients with  laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer was analyzed. All these imaging techniques failed to reliably identify clinically occult  lymph node metastases. However, the choice of treatment options  for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer depends considerably on  the diagnostic accuracy. In this context, the concept of sentinel lymph nodes deserves special attention.Conclusion. Further studies of the sentinel lymph node concept  using various radiopharmaceutical drugs in the detection of  preclinical regional metastasis in patients with laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer are required.Цель исследования – провести системный анализ данных, имеющихся в современной литературе, о лучевой диагностике лимфогенного метастазирования у больных раком  гортани и гортаноглотки.Материал и методы. Поиск соответствующих источников проводился в таких системах, как Elibrary, Medline, включались публикации с января 2005 г. по декабрь 2017 г. Из 735  найденных исследований 32 были использованы для написания данного обзора.Результаты. Изложены данные о возможностях ультразвукового исследования, спиральной компьютерной томографии, магниторезонансной томографии, позитронно- эмиссионной томографии в диагностике регионарного метастазирования у больных раком  гортани и гортаноглотки. Однако все перечисленные лучевые методы не позволяют  достоверно выявлять метастазы в лимфатических узлах на доклиническом уровне. Вместе с тем выбор тактики лечения при раке гортани и гортаноглотки в значительной мере зависит  от точности диагностики. В связи с этим заслуживает внимания концепция «сторожевых» лимфатических узлов.Заключение. Полученные данные дают основания для дальнейшего изучения теории  «сторожевых» лимфатических узлов с использованием различных радиофармацевтических  препаратов в диагностике доклинического регионарного метастазирования у больных раком гортани и гортаноглотки

СОВРЕМЕНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ БОЛЬНЫХ РАКОМ ГОРТАНИ И ГОРТАНОГЛОТКИ

Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer takes the leading position among malignant head and neck tumors, representing one of the most important and socially significant problems in modern oncology. Approaches to the treatment of locally advanced laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer have changed significantly in the recent years, due to new anticancer drugs and the widespread use of the best types of chemotherapy combined with surgery and radiotherapy.Лидирующую позицию среди злокачественных опухолей головы и шеи занимают рак гортани и гортаноглотки, составляя одну из самых актуальных и социально значимых проблем в современной онкологии. За последние годы подходы к лечению местнораспространенного рака гортани и гортаноглотки существенно изменились благодаря появлению новых противоопухолевых препаратов, а также широкому применению оптимальных вариантов химиотерапии в сочетании с хирургическим и лучевым лечением

A Model of Brain Circulation and Metabolism: NIRS Signal Changes during Physiological Challenges

We construct a model of brain circulation and energy metabolism. The model is designed to explain experimental data and predict the response of the circulation and metabolism to a variety of stimuli, in particular, changes in arterial blood pressure, CO2 levels, O2 levels, and functional activation. Significant model outputs are predictions about blood flow, metabolic rate, and quantities measurable noninvasively using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), including cerebral blood volume and oxygenation and the redox state of the CuA centre in cytochrome c oxidase. These quantities are now frequently measured in clinical settings; however the relationship between the measurements and the underlying physiological events is in general complex. We anticipate that the model will play an important role in helping to understand the NIRS signals, in particular, the cytochrome signal, which has been hard to interpret. A range of model simulations are presented, and model outputs are compared to published data obtained from both in vivo and in vitro settings. The comparisons are encouraging, showing that the model is able to reproduce observed behaviour in response to various stimuli

Cryo-EM structures of complex I from mouse heart mitochondria in two biochemically defined states.

Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) uses the reducing potential of NADH to drive protons across the energy-transducing inner membrane and power oxidative phosphorylation in mammalian mitochondria. Recent cryo-EM analyses have produced near-complete models of all 45 subunits in the bovine, ovine and porcine complexes and have identified two states relevant to complex I in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Here, we describe the 3.3-Å structure of complex I from mouse heart mitochondria, a biomedically relevant model system, in the 'active' state. We reveal a nucleotide bound in subunit NDUFA10, a nucleoside kinase homolog, and define mechanistically critical elements in the mammalian enzyme. By comparisons with a 3.9-Å structure of the 'deactive' state and with known bacterial structures, we identify differences in helical geometry in the membrane domain that occur upon activation or that alter the positions of catalytically important charged residues. Our results demonstrate the capability of cryo-EM analyses to challenge and develop mechanistic models for mammalian complex I

Waterbugs (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha and Gerromorpha) as sources of essential n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in Central Siberian ecoregions

1. Aquatic systems are considered to be a main source of essential long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which are preferentially synthesized by microalgae and transferred along food chains to terrestrial consumers. Emerging aquatic insects comprise a significant part of this transfer of the essential PUFA from water to land. Quantitative data on PUFA content and composition are available mainly for rheophilic insects while taxa that are characteristic of wetlands and stagnant water bodies, such as aquatic Heteroptera, remain relatively unstudied. 2. We investigated the role of various waterbug taxa (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha and Gerromorpha) inhabiting different ecoregions in temperate Central Siberia (Russia) as potential sources of PUFA. The ecoregions were steppe, forest-steppe, hemiboreal forest and montane coniferous forest. Although these waterbugs insects are aquatic in both larval and adult stages, they can disperse through the landscape and transfer essential PUFAs from water to land so making them potentially available to terrestrial consumers. 3. Species of Naucoridae, Notonectidae and Corixidae were generally dominant in all ecoregions, attaining maximum biomass in the steppe. We showed that habitat or ecoregion played a major role in the variability of fatty acid composition of Notonectidae and Gerridae but not Corixidae. In contrast, the biochemical composition of the only naucoridae, Ilyocoris cimicoides, was largely affected by life stage. 4. Both the dominant families and species within them differed with respect to their mass-specific contents of essential long-chain PUFA of the n-3 family, namely eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Corixid species had the highest content of these two essential PUFAs among the waterbug studies, and relative to literature reports for other aquatic insects. Corixids thus appear to be a potentially important vector for transfer of the essential biochemical compounds from water to land, especially in steppe ecoregions with numerous ephemeral water bodies

On Specifications for Mechatronic Control Systems for Automatic Transmissions of Battery Electric Vehicles

Battery electric vehicles with automatic transmissions are a new rapidly growing segment of electric vehicle and automatic transmission type configured for such applications. A promising direction of their development is integration of mechatronic control systems of automatic transmissions and electric drive, i.e. transition to integrated power units of battery electric vehicles. Pre-defined criteria are required to formulate the specifications for the design of the mechatronic control systems for such a unit. However, not only for mechatronic control systems, but also for battery electric vehicles with automatic transmissions themselves, sufficient experience in production and operation has not yet been accumulated, which determines the relevance of this article. Its purpose is to formulate approaches to the development of specifications on the emerging mechatronic control systems for automatic transmissions of integrated battery electric vehicles power units with automatic transmissions. The analysis (according to the formed information base) of the set of general requirements is carried out to the designs of close analogues — modern mechatronic control systems of automatic transmissions of hybrid electric vehicles, as well as the results of optimization of their parameters, characteristics and control algorithms of stage shifting processes of automatic transmissions for application in battery electric vehicles. It is shown that the compositions of basic functional properties of mechatronic control systems of automatic transmissions in battery and hybrid electric vehicles largely coincide. As a result, the composition of a set of basic criteria is formed for the evaluation of mechatronic control systems of battery electric vehicles. Based on the results of expert evaluation and analysis of analogues that meet modern requirements and are close to the types of domestic equipment, the basic specifications are proposed to the composition and functional characteristics of mechatronic control systems of automatic transmissions of power units of battery electric vehicles power (taking into account the private specifications to the subsystems included in them). The specification lists and their evaluation criteria include a number of established technologies in the global automotive industry. Taking into account that their practical application requires systematized information, which is difficult to find in the Russian-language presentation, the necessary explanations are given