15 research outputs found
Traceability of Chemical Measurement Results
Traceability to recognised references, ultimately to the SI units, is an indispensable prerequisite for measurement results to be comparable and trustworthy and hence accepted worldwide. This holds also for chemical measurement results, particularly as these are often used as a basis
for important decisions and agreements, for example in health care and environmental protection. The concept of traceability and the special problems associated with its application to chemical analysis as compared to metrology in general are described. Current approaches to establish traceability
of chemical measurement results are reported. The most important development in the last two decades was the establishment of the Consultative Committee for Metrology in Chemistry under the Metre Convention, which provided the basis for an international reference framework for chemical measurements.
In order to link up laboratory results anywhere in the world with this international reference framework, traceability structures on the national level are required. It is shown, using the demand for traceable chemical measurements in Germany as an example, how such structures can be established
and efficiently used
Die Adoption des Electronic Commerce im deutschen Einzelhandel
Electronic Commerce , Einzelhande
Binary search trees: average and worst case behavior
We discuss several simple strategies for constructing binary search trees. Upper and lower bounds for the average and worst case search time in trees constructed according to these strategies are derived. Furthermore, different implementations are discussed and the results are applied to digital searching
Simulation and experiment of gas diffusion in a granular bed
The diffusion of gas through porous material is important to understand the
physical processes underlying cometary activity. We study the diffusion of a
rarefied gas (Knudsen regime) through a packed bed of monodisperse spheres via
experiments and numerical modelling, providing an absolute value of the
diffusion coefficient and compare it to published analytical models. The
experiments are designed to be directly comparable to numerical simulations, by
using precision steel beads, simple geometries, and a trade-off of the sample
size between small boundary effects and efficient computation. For direct
comparison, the diffusion coefficient is determined in Direct Simulation Monte
Carlo (DSMC) simulations, yielding a good match with experiments. This model is
further-on used on a microscopic scale, which cannot be studied in experiments,
to determine the mean path of gas molecules and its distribution, and compare
it against an analytical model. Scaling with sample properties (particle size,
porosity) and gas properties (molecular mass, temperature) is consistent with
analytical models. As predicted by these, results are very sensitive on sample
porosity and we find that a tortuosity depending linearly on
the porosity can well reconcile the analytical model with
experiments and simulations. Mean paths of molecules are close to those
described in the literature, but their distribution deviates from the
expectation for small path lengths. The provided diffusion coefficients and
scaling laws are directly applicable to thermophysical models of idealised
cometary material.Comment: accepted by MNRA
Pattern representation and recognition with accelerated analog neuromorphic systems
Despite being originally inspired by the central nervous system, artificial
neural networks have diverged from their biological archetypes as they have
been remodeled to fit particular tasks. In this paper, we review several
possibilites to reverse map these architectures to biologically more realistic
spiking networks with the aim of emulating them on fast, low-power neuromorphic
hardware. Since many of these devices employ analog components, which cannot be
perfectly controlled, finding ways to compensate for the resulting effects
represents a key challenge. Here, we discuss three different strategies to
address this problem: the addition of auxiliary network components for
stabilizing activity, the utilization of inherently robust architectures and a
training method for hardware-emulated networks that functions without perfect
knowledge of the system's dynamics and parameters. For all three scenarios, we
corroborate our theoretical considerations with experimental results on
accelerated analog neuromorphic platforms.Comment: accepted at ISCAS 201
Response of a coriolis gas flow meter to steady and transient wet gas flow conditions
Coriolis devices are continuously evolving to meet the demands of different conditions, such as wet gas flow. However, their application in wet gas flow has not yet been thoroughly explored. The impact of steady flow disturbances on Coriolis flow meters is well-documented, and empirical compensation or correction methods can be implemented accordingly. However, there has been inadequate investigation into the response of Coriolis meters under transient flow conditions and their comparison with steady flow in a wet gas. In this study, a Coriolis device was horizontally installed in a 50 mm pipe diameter. The experimental fluids consisted of air and water, with Lockhart-Martinelli (XLM) values ranging from 0.02 to 0.40. Steady and transient flow conditions at different gas and liquid flow rates were studied. The findings demonstrate the capability of standard deviation (STD) in distinguishing transient flow from steady one. Additionally, a strong correlation was observed between XLM and gas Over-Reading (OR) across various gas flow rates and XLM values. This correlation is particularly evident for XLM < 0.1. At extremely low liquid loading (XLM < 0.05), the average percentage error remains below 7 % even without the utilization of any correction models. Furthermore, the impact of different sensor installations, which had been largely overlooked in previous studies, was investigated