Effects of Synthetic Methyl Salicylate and Natural Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles on Aphids and Predators in Bean Plants

Metil salisilat (MeSA), zararlıların bitkilerde beslenmeye başlamasından sonra bitkiler tarafından salgılanan, doğal düşmanlar üzerine çekici etkisi bulunan ve zararlı böceklerinde davranışlarını etkileyen bir bileşiktir. Bitkiler tarafından salgılanan bu bileşikler zararlı kaynaklı bitki uçucuları (HIPVs) olarak adlandırılmıştır. Bu çalışmada sentetik MeSA uygulanmış ve doğal olarak MeSA, linalool vb. uçucuların salgılanmasını teşvik etmek amacıyla kırmızıörümcek bulaştırılmış fasulyede yaprakbitleri ve predatörlerin popülasyon durumu araştırılmıştır. Çalışma 2011-2012 yıllarında arazi koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Denemeler kontrol, MeSA, kırmızıörümcek ve kırmızıörümcek+MeSA uygulamalarını içerecek şekilde 3 tekerrürden oluşmuştur. Uygulama parsellerinde içinde 2 ml MeSA bulunan 5 ml’ lik cam şişeler kullanılmıştır ve her hafta yenilenmiştir. Her parselden tesadüfi olarak alınan 15 adet yaprak laboratuarda mikroskop altında incelenmiş, yaprakbiti ve predatör sayımları yapılmıştır. Yapılan sayımlara göre, 2011 ve 2012 yıllarında kontrol (0.76± 0.04; 2± 0.2) parsellerindeki ve kırmızıörümcek (0.67± 0.08; 0.5± 0.06) parsellerinde yaprakbiti sayısı, MeSA (0.1± 0.02;0) ve kırmızıörümcek+MeSA (0.1± 0.02; 0.17± 0.02) bulunan parsellere göre daha fazla olmuştur. 2011 yılında coccinellidler MeSA bulunan parselde (3.33± 0.09), Orius sp. ve syrphid’ler ise kırmızıörümcek+MeSA bulunan parsellerde daha fazla görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada MeSA’ ın kullanımı yaprakbitleri üzerine repellent etki gösterirken, doğal düşmanları deneme alanına çekmiş ve predatörlerin etkinliğini artırmıştır. İleriki yıllarda bitki koruma açısından MeSA’nın yaprakbitlerine karşı biyolojik mücadeleyi destekleme çalışmalarında kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.Methyl salicylate (MeSA), which is released by plants after herbivore attack, not only attractant effect on natural enemies but also effect behaviour of pest arthropods. These compounds release by plants which is named herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). In this study, the population of aphids and predators in synthetic MeSA applied and mite infected bean plants in order to naturally stimulate MeSA, linalol etc. release were investigated. This study was conducted in field conditions with three replicates and following treatments MeSA alone, MeSA+mite release, mite release and untreated control in both year 2011 and 2012. Vials include 2 ml MeSA were used in every plot and renew every week. Randomly selected 15 bean leaves from each plot were examined under stereomicroscope and aphids and predators were counted. In 2011 and 2012, aphid abundance of Control (0.76± 0. 04; 2± 0.2) and mite release (0.67± 0.08; 0.17± 0.02) plots were higher than MeSA (0.1± 0.02;0) and mite release+MeSA (0.1± 0.02; 0.17± 0.02) plots. In 2011 coccinellids were high in MeSA plots, Orius sp. and syrphids were high in mite release+MeSA plots. In this study MeSA is not only repellent effect on aphids but also attractant effect on predators and improve the effectiveness of natural enemies in field. In future, MeSA could be used for the support of biological control against aphids in plant protection

Cr(VI) Reduction in aqueous solutions by siderite

Hexavalent chromium is a common and toxic pollutant in soils and wastewaters. Reduction of the mobile Cr(VI) to less mobile and less toxic Cr(III) is a solution for decontamination of industrial effluents. In this study, the reduction of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions by siderite was investigated. The influences of amount of acid, contact time, siderite dosage, initial Cr(VI) concentration, temperature and particle size of siderite have been tested in batch runs. The process was found to be acid, temperature and concentration dependent. The amount of acid is the most effective parameter affecting the Cr(VI) reduction since carbonaceous gangue minerals consume acid by side reactions. The highest Cr(VI) reduction efficiency (100%) occurred in the 50 mg/l Cr(VI) solution containing two times acid with respect to stoichiometric amount of Cr(VI) and at the conditions of siderite dosage 20 g/l, contact time 120 min and temperature 25 °C. Reduction efficiency increased with increase in temperature and decrease in particle size. The reduction capacity of siderite was found to be 17 mg-Cr(VI)/g

Firm Size and Financing Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from SMEs in Istanbul

This paper examines how small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) in Istanbul managed their financial needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. A unique survey was conducted in May–June 2021 to analyze the effect of the pandemic on financial conditions and access to finance. The paper maps the differences between firms in terms of their financing conditions and behavior based on their size during the pandemic. The novel data set helps to conceptualize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on SMEs. The paper makes a contribution to the literature through using a large number of variables related to firms’ financial conditions and opportunities (e.g., credit restructuring, debt postponing, capital injection). The paper hypothesizes that SMEs are less likely than large firms to access formal finance opportunities, but they tend to rely more on informal financing. The empirical findings suggest that, during the pandemic, micro and small firms tend to borrow more from their acquaintances, such as relatives and friends. Micro firms are less likely to restructure their outstanding loans, borrow from banks, or inject capital. Furthermore, micro firms tend to cut their costs more to avoid further difficulty in their financial positions. Micro and small firms tend to apply for bank loans less than large firms, while medium-size firms are more likely to apply. Micro and small firms are more inclined to report difficulty in accessing credit

Evaluation of the prick test results of patients with allergic rhinitis in Van province

INTRODUCTION: This study was carried out to detect allergen distribution of the patients admitted with allergic rhinitis symptoms and to determine the age, gender distribution and smoking rates in allergic patients, and to contribute to compose an allergy map in Van region. METHODS: 220 patients allergic to at least one allergen according to prick test results were included between May 2014- December 2015. RESULTS: 59.1% (n=130) of 220 patients were male and 40.9% (n=90) were female. Male/female ratio was 3: 2. Prevalence of smokers were 31.1% (n=28) among females and 40.7% (n=53) among males. According to prick test results; sensitivity to meadow was 20% (n=44), to mixed herbs 16.3% (n=36), to mites 13.6% (n=30), to flower mixture 10% (n=22), to egg yolk 9.1% (n=20), to cat 8.2% (n=18), to Aspergillus 7.3% (n=16), to peanut 7.3% (n=16), to tomato 1.8% (n= 4), to almond 1.8% (n=4), to Alternaria 1.8% (n=4), to Clasdioporum 1.3% (n=3), to egg white 1.3% (n= 3). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Among 220 patients according to prick test, male predominance was detected and smoking prevalence was between 30% - 40%. In our study, the most common susceptibility was detected against meadow, secondly against mixed herbs and thirdly against house mites. Also, nutritional allergens (egg yolk, peanut, tomato, almond and egg white) were important factors with 21% frequency in Van region. Determination of herbal allergens and mites on the first ranks, although different climate and environmental status of Van, was parallel to the other studies in the literature

On the path to high-income status or to middle-income trap: The Turkish economy in search of its future

The growth episode of the Turkish economy in the 2000s was written based on two integrated fundamentals: fixing the deteriorating dynamics and implementing further reforms to stimulate economic activity. This basic formula led to attractive rates of economic growth, fueled particularly by domestic private investments along with revived consumption and exports. Integrated with the political stability established by single-party governments in the post-2002 period, the improving economic outlook also helped Turkey enjoy record levels of foreign investment, adding momentum to the growth story

A study on the removal of heavy metals by carbonatation cake discarded in sugar industry

The removal of chromium (III) and cadmium ions by precipitation from synthetic wastewater samples by using I.carbonatation cake discarded in sugar production was investigated. The dried carbonatation cake (DCC) containing 75-80 % CaCO3 precipitates chromium (III) and cadmium by neutralising the acidity of solution. However, organic substances in the cake cause an increase in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the water in contact with the cake. It was observed that the calcined forms obtained by heating the carbonatation cake above 600°C precipitate the chromium and cadmium ions most effectively without increasing organic pollution of water treated. It was concluded that the calcined carbonatation cakes (CDCC) can be used in heavy metals removal instead of calcium carbonate and/or lime in water treatment

On the path to high-income status or to middle-income trap : the Turkish economy in search of its futur

The growth episode of the Turkish economy in the 2000s was written based on two integrated fundamentals: fixing the deteriorating dynamics and implementing further reforms to stimulate economic activity. This basic formula led to attractive rates of economic growth, fueled particularly by domestic private investments along with revived consumption and exports. Integrated with the political stability established by single-party governments in the post-2002 period, the improving economic outlook also helped Turkey enjoy record levels of foreign investment, adding momentum to the growth story