Determining the origin of tidal oscillations in the ionospheric transition region with EISCAT radar and global simulation data

At high-latitudes, diurnal and semidiurnal variations of temperature and neutral wind velocity can originate both in the lower atmosphere (UV or infrared absorption) or in the thermosphere-ionosphere (ion convection, EUV absorption). Determining the relative impact of different forcing mechanisms gives insight to the vertical coupling in the ionosphere. We analyse measurements from the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) facility operated by the EISCAT Scientific Association. They are complemented by meteor radar data and compared to global circulation models. The amplitudes and phases of tidal oscillations are determined by an Adaptive Spectral Filter (ASF). Measurements indicate the existence of strong semidiurnal oscillations in a two-band structure at altitudes ≲ 110 km and ≳ 130 km, respectively. Analysis of several model runs with different input settings suggest the upper band to be forced in situ while the lower band corresponds to upward-propagating tides from the lower atmosphere. This indicates the existence of an unexpectedly strong, in situ forcing mechanism for semidiurnal oscillations in the high-latitude thermosphere. It is shown that the actual transition of tides in the altitude region between 90 and 150 km is more complex than described so far

Towards an urban roughness parameterisation using interferometric SAR data taking the Metropolitan Region of Hamburg as an example

Increased surface roughness and the enhanced drag effect of the urban surface are important alterations in urban boundary layer dynamics. An enhanced roughness mapping would be beneficial for several modelling applications since state of the art roughness parameters derived from land use data do not represent the heterogeneity of urban surfaces at higher resolutions. Today most morphometric methods of urban roughness estimation are based on empirically derived functions of obstacle geometry parameters, which have conceptual and practical shortcomings. In this study we propose a new approach based on the topology, statistics and texture of overall roughness elements as represented by a Digital Height Model generated from side-looking Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. These state of the art remotely sensed high resolution data are readily available for Western Europe, the US, as well as parts of Asia and the Caribbean. A set of new angular dependent urban morphology parameters is developed and tested for suitability for the mapping of roughness characteristics by way of an improved methodology. The results are very convincing and consistent over a wide range of surface characteristics. Erhöhte Rauigkeit und Formwiderstand sind wichtige Veränderungen in der Dynamik der städtischen Grenzschicht. Eine flächendeckende Rauigkeitskartierung wäre für verschiedene Modell-Anwendungen von Nutzen, da aus Landnutzungsklassen abgeleitete Rauigkeitsparameter die Heterogenität urbaner Oberflächen in höheren Auflösungen nicht darstellen können. Die verfügbaren Methoden zur morphometrischen Ableitung von Rauigkeiten basieren auf empirischen Funktionen von Parametern der Hindernisgeometrien, die allerdings konzeptionelle und praktische Schwächen aufweisen. Wir schlagen daher einen neuen Ansatz vor, der Topologie, Statistik und Textur aller Hindernisse in einem interferometrischen SAR Höhenmodell berücksichtigt. Diese aktuellen hochauflösenden Fernerkundungsdaten sind für Westeuropa, die USA sowie Teile von Asien und der Karibik fertig verfügbar. Es wurde ein Satz richtungsabhängiger Stadtformparameter entwickelt und auf seine Eignung zur Rauigkeitsparametrisierung getestet. Die Ergebnisse sind sehr vielversprechend und über eine große Bandbreite von Oberflächeneigenschaften konsistent

Determining the Origin of Tidal Oscillations in the Ionospheric Transition Region With EISCAT Radar and Global Simulation Data

At high‐latitudes, diurnal and semidiurnal variations of temperature and neutral wind velocity can originate both in the lower atmosphere (UV or infrared absorption) and in the thermosphere‐ionosphere (ion convection, EUV absorption). Determining the relative impact of different forcing mechanisms gives insight to the vertical coupling in the ionosphere. We analyze measurements from the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) facility operated by the EISCAT Scientific Association. They are complemented by meteor radar data and compared to global circulation models. The amplitudes and phases of tidal oscillations are determined by an adaptive spectral filter (ASF). Measurements indicate the existence of strong semidiurnal oscillations in a two‐band structure at altitudes ≲110 and ≳130 km, respectively. Analysis of several model runs with different input settings suggest the upper band to be forced in situ while the lower band corresponds to upward‐propagating tides from the lower atmosphere. This indicates the existence of an unexpectedly strong, in situ forcing mechanism for semidiurnal oscillations in the high‐latitude thermosphere. It is shown that the actual transition of tides in the altitude region between 90 and 150 km is more complex than described so far.Plain Language Summary: Solar and atmospheric variability influence the ionosphere, causing critical impacts on satellite and ground‐based infrastructure. Determining the dominant forcing mechanisms for ionosphere variability is important for prediction and mitigation of these threats. However, this is a challenging task due to the complexity of solar‐terrestrial coupling processes. Tidal oscillations (mostly 12 and 24‐hr periods) allow for a rough estimations of whether forcing from “above” or “below” dominates. The classical understanding is that 12‐hr oscillations propagate upwards from below while 24‐hr oscillations are forced at high altitudes. We analyze data from two radar systems and three global ionosphere models and show that the altitude structure of tidal oscillations is in fact more complex than classically assumed.Key Points: Twenty‐day long EISCAT radar campaign shows a complex mixture of semidiurnal and diurnal tidal oscillations. Three global circulation models show similar tidal structuring and allow to determine the influence of different forcing mechanisms. Adaptive spectral filtering (ASF) technique allows robust fitting of tidal amplitudes and phases.EISCATJSPS KAKENHIDFGhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6817130https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.707214

Inferring neutral winds in the ionospheric transition region from atmospheric-gravity-wave traveling-ionospheric-disturbance (AGW-TID) observations with the EISCAT VHF radar and the Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster

Atmospheric gravity waves and traveling ionospheric disturbances can be observed in the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere at a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Especially at medium scales, these oscillations are often not resolved in general circulation models and are parameterized. We show that ionospheric disturbances forced by upward-propagating atmospheric gravity waves can be simultaneously observed with the EISCAT very high frequency incoherent scatter radar and the Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster. From combined multi-static measurements, both vertical and horizontal wave parameters can be determined by applying a specially developed Fourier filter analysis method. This method is demonstrated using the example of a strongly pronounced wave mode that occurred during the EISCAT experiment on 7 July 2020. Leveraging the developed technique, we show that the wave characteristics of traveling ionospheric disturbances are notably impacted by the fall transition of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. We also demonstrate the application of using the determined wave parameters to infer the thermospheric neutral wind velocities. Applying the dissipative anelastic gravity wave dispersion relation, we obtain vertical wind profiles in the lower thermosphere