Bis(isonicotinamide-κN 1)bis­(4-methyl­benzoato-κO)copper(II) dihydrate

In the centrosymmetric title compound, [Cu(C8H7O2)2(C6H6N2O)2]·2H2O, the CuII ion is located on a crystallographic inversion center. The asymmetric unit is completed by one 4-methyl­benzoate anion, one isonicotinamide (INA) ligand and one uncoordinated water mol­ecule; all the ligands are monodentate. The two O and the two N atoms around the CuII ion form a slightly distorted square-planar arrangement. The dihedral angle between the carboxyl­ate group and the attached benzene ring is 13.86 (9)°, while the pyridine and benzene rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 86.08 (5)°. The uncoordinated water mol­ecules are linked to the INA ligands by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network

Bis(4-meth­oxy­benzoato)-κ2 O,O′;κO-bis­(nicotinamide-κN 1)zinc(II)

The asymmetric unit of the title complex, [Zn(C8H7O3)2(C6H6N2O)2], contains three crystallographically independent mol­ecules with similar configurations. The ZnII cation is coordinated by two N atoms of two nicotinamide ligands and three O atoms from two 4-meth­oxy­benzoate anions in a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry. In each independent mol­ecule, one Zn—O bond distance [2.5181 (12), 2.5931 (12) and 2.4085 (12) Å for the three mol­ecules] is significantly longer than the other two. In the crystal structure, extensive N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding links the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network. π–π contacts between the pyridine rings and between the pyridine and benzene rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.7655 (9) and 3.8453 (10) Å, respectively] further stabilize the crystal structure

Diaqua­bis­(2-bromo­benzoato-κO)bis­(N,N-diethyl­nicotinamide-κN 1)cobalt(II)

In the mononuclear title compound, [Co(C7H4BrO2)2(C10H14N2O)2(H2O)2], the CoII ion is located on a crystallographic inversion center. The asymmetric unit is completed by one 2-bromo­benzoate anion, one diethyl­nicotinamide (DENA) ligand and one coordinated water mol­ecule; all ligands are monodentate. The four O atoms in the equatorial plane around CoII form a slightly distorted square-planar arrangement, while the slightly distorted octa­hedral coordination is completed by the two pyridine N atoms of the DENA ligands in axial positions. The dihedral angle between the carboxyl­ate group and the attached benzene ring is 84.7 (1)°; the pyridine and benzene rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 43.64 (6)°. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network

Patterns of active and passive smoking, and associated factors, in the South-east Anatolian Project (SEAP) region in Turkey

BACKGROUND: Smoking is an important health threat in Turkey. This study aimed to determine the frequency of and main factors associated with smoking in persons of 15 years and over, and the frequency of passive smoking in homes in the South-east Anatolian Project (SEAP) Region in Turkey. METHODS: A cross sectional design was employed. The sample waschosen by the State Institute of Statistics using a stratified cluster probability sampling method. 1126 houses representing the SEAP Region were visited. Questionnaires about tobacco smoking and related factors were applied to 2166 women and 1906 men (of 15 years old and above) in their homes. Face-to-face interview methods were employed. Participants were classified as current, ex, and non-smokers. The presence of a regular daily smoker in a house was used as an indication of passive smoking. The chi-square andlogistic regressionanalysis methods were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking, in those of 15 years and over, was 11.8% in women and 49.7% in men. The prevalence of current smokers was higher in urban (34.5 %) than in rural (22.8 %) regions. The mean of total cigarette consumption was 6.5 packs/year in women and 17.9 packs/year in men. There was at least one current smoker in 70.1% of the houses. CONCLUSION: Smoking is a serious problem in the South-eastern Anatolian Region. Male gender, middle age, a high level of education and urban residency were most strongly associated with smoking

Best Practice Recommendations for Geriatric Dysphagia Management with 5 Ws and 1H

Background: Dysphagia is a geriatric syndrome. Changes in the whole body that occur with aging also affect swallowing functions and cause presbyphagia. This condition may progress to oropharyngeal and/or esophageal dysphagia in the presence of secondary causes that increase in incidence with aging. However, no study has been published that provides recommendations for use in clinical practice that addresses in detail all aspects of the management of dysphagia in geriatric individuals. This study aimed to answer almost all potential questions and problems in the management of geriatric dysphagia in clinical practice. Methods: A multidisciplinary team created this recommendation guide using the seven-step and three-round modified Delphi method via e-mail. The study included 39 experts from 29 centers in 14 cities. Results: Based on the 5W and 1H method, we developed 216 detailed recommendations for older adults from the perspective of different disciplines dealing with older people. Conclusion: This consensus-based recommendation is a useful guide to address practical clinical questions in the diagnosis, rehabilitation, and follow-up for the management of geriatric dysphagia and also contains detailed commentary on these issues