Effects of innovation diffusion on the development level for some European regions in the expansion period of the European Union

It is argued that innovation diffusion, in other words the movement of the new ideas or articrafts within an area over a number of time periods could become widespread once introduced in the area. After Schumpeter the role of the innovator has been significant as the inventor, as the developer or as the promoter. It is clear now that a number of economists have one thing in common that profit rates would be pushed to minimal levels in the absence of technical development. In fact, in the new theories of development concepts related to knowledge development and its diffusion take precedence. Moreover, concerning regional disparities and regional convergence issues in the European Union, it is pointed out that R&D investment in lagging areas could be the only way to avoid technology and development divergence between core and periphery. In this connection, it might be worthwhile to consider the enlargement process of the European Union with further expansion period. In this way, the objective of this article will be to find out probable effects of R&D on the development level in a five-years period (1996-2001) in order to examine the efficiency rate of innovation diffusion on the development level and to derive some theoretical and practical results.

Effects of innovation diffusion on the development level for some European regions in the expansion period of the European Union

It is argued that innovation diffusion, in other words the movement of the new ideas or articrafts within an area over a number of time periods could become widespread once introduced in the area. After Schumpeter the role of the innovator has been significant as the inventor, as the developer or as the promoter. It is clear now that a number of economists have one thing in common that profit rates would be pushed to minimal levels in the absence of technical development. In fact, in the new theories of development concepts related to knowledge development and its diffusion take precedence. Moreover, concerning regional disparities and regional convergence issues in the European Union, it is pointed out that R&D investment in lagging areas could be the only way to avoid technology and development divergence between core and periphery. In this connection, it might be worthwhile to consider the enlargement process of the European Union with further expansion period. In this way, the objective of this article will be to find out probable effects of R&D on the development level in a five-years period (1996-2001) in order to examine the efficiency rate of innovation diffusion on the development level and to derive some theoretical and practical results

The Direction, Timing and Causality Relationships Between The Cyclical Components of Real and Financial Variables During The Financial Liberalization Period in Turkey

The purpose of this paper is the determination of sources and pattern of business cycle in Turkey throughout the period 1988-2002 using quarterly data. The question of the paper is “Has financial liberalization increased the fragility of the financial and real sides of the Turkish economy?” The quantitative analysis of the paper includes the cross correlation and causality analysis. Financial development indicators are the bank credits and capital flows, efficiency indicators are the domestic and foreign interest rate spreads. It has been found that the pattern of real GDP is determined by demand side variables, whereas the source of fluctuations in the real GDP is the financial variables in Turkey. External spread, capital flows, and domestic spread are the transmission channels of a shock to the real economy.business cycle, liberalization, decomposition, efficiency indicator, development indicator, Turkey

Lacrimal gland tumors in Turkey: types, frequency, and outcomes.

AIM: To evaluate the clinical, radiological, and treatment features of lacrimal gland tumors. METHODS: Retrospective review of 99 eyes of 92 patients with lacrimal gland tumors diagnosed and managed in a single institution between January 1999 and March 2017. Clinical and radiological features, histopathology, treatment methods, and prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 40.3 (range: 7-80)y. The diagnosis was made histopathologically in 91 (91.9%) tumors and on a clinical and radiological basis in 8 (8.1%) tumors. Final diagnoses included idiopathic orbital inflammation (pseudotumor) in 46 (46.5%) lesions, pleomorphic adenoma in 14 (14.1%), adenoid cystic carcinoma in 12 (12.1%), granulomatous inflammation in 10 (10.1%), lymphoma in 5 (5.0%), benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in 3 (3.0%), dacryops in 3 (3.0%), carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma in 2 (2.0%), adenocarcinoma in 1 (1.0%), dermoid cyst in 1 (1.0%), cavernous hemangioma in 1 (1.0%), and leukemic infiltration in 1 (1.0%). Non-epithelial tumors comprised 64.6% ( CONCLUSION: Overall, 65% of lacrimal gland tumors were of non-epithelial origin and 32% of epithelial origin. By histopathology and clinical evaluation, 79% of lacrimal gland tumors were benign. The most common lacrimal gland tumors include idiopathic orbital inflammation (46.5%), epithelial (32.3%), and lymphoproliferative (8.1%) lesions

The Direction, Timing and Causality Relationships Between The Cyclical Components of Real and Financial Variables During The Financial Liberalization Period in Turkey

The purpose of this paper is the determination of sources and pattern of business cycle in Turkey throughout the period 1988-2002 using quarterly data. The question of the paper is Has financial liberalization increased the fragility of the financial and real sides of the Turkish economy? The quantitative analysis of the paper includes the cross correlation and causality analysis. Financial development indicators are the bank credits and capital flows, efficiency indicators are the domestic and foreign interest rate spreads. It has been found that the pattern of real GDP is determined by demand side variables, whereas the source of fluctuations in the real GDP is the financial variables in Turkey. External spread, capital flows, and domestic spread are the transmission channels of a shock to the real economy

IS THERE TREATMENT EFFECT OF VINPOCETINE ON AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION IN RATS WITH ALZHEIMER

Alzheimer's disease (AD) shows less autonomic dysfunction. There was lack of response or prolongation of its latency in skin sympathetic response. Vinpocetine is a classic inhibitor of PDE1 activity. Vinpocetine treatment has been shown to enhance performance on cognitive tests in humans. The efficacy of the use of vinpocetine in clinical trials has been controversial. A comparison of multiple studies evaluating vinpocetine use in Alzheimer's disease  AD was recently conducted. Objective: Our first aim was to assess dysautonomia in rat with Alzheimer's disease  AD electrophysiologically, using sympathetic skin response (SSR) test. The second aim in this study, evaluate of the effect of vinpocetine treatment on Alzheimer autonomic dysfunction and attention deficiency.Method: Rats were divided into four groups: Sham group (Group C, i.p. saline), Alzheimer group (Group A), Vinpocetine group (Group V, 5mg/kg, every other day, i.p.), Alzheimer+ Vinpocetine group (Group AV). Alzheimer's disease was induced in old male rats by AlCl3 (40 mg/kg i.p.) and D-Galactose (90 mg/kg) daily for 6 weeks. Then Skin Conductance Level (SCL), which is a sympathetic skin response parameter, was measured as tonic (no-stimuli period, 2 min) and phasic SSR (simultaneously with 15 auditory stimuli, 10 min). Tonic SSR is useful to investigate general states of arousal and alertness, while phasic SSR is useful to study multifaceted attentional processes (related to novelty, intensity). Results: SCL was difference among groups (tonic: F=21.47, p≤0.000; phasic: F=9.86, p≤0.000). Skin conductance level (SCL) was statistically lower in Group A than Group C (p≤0.005) and Group V (p≤0.000). SCL of Group V was statistically higher then Group C (p≤0.04), Group A (p≤0.000) and Group AV (p≤0.000). SCL of Group AV was lower than Group C's (p≤0.01). Conclusion: There were no statistically difference between Group A and Group AV. We concluded that autonomic disturbances accompanied Alzheimer's disease and vinpocetine treatment couldn't ameliorate this disturbance. Keywords: Autonomic dysfunction, Dysautonomia, Inhibitor, Skin conductance level, Sympathetic skin response Â

Nötral baş pozisyonunda karotis arter palpasyonu yardımıyla internal jugular ven kanülasyonunun başarı oranı

Amaç: İnternal jugular ven İJV kanülasyonu bazı klinik durumlarda baş nötral pozisyonda tutularak yapılmalıdır. Ancak bu pozisyonda hangi anatomik işaretleme noktasının kullanılması gerektiği açık değildir. Bu çalışmanın amacı baş nötral pozisyonda iken karotis arter KA palpasyonu kullanılarak yapılan sağ İJV kanülasyonunun başarı oranlarını araştırmaktır. Gereç ve yöntem: Bu prospektif randomize çalışma iki aşamada dizayn edildi. Birinci aşama: Birbirini takip eden 30 servikal bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntüsü çalışma öncesi sağ İJV ve KA arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek için incelendi. İkinci aşama: Sağ İJV kanülasyonu yapılması planlanan toplam 150 hasta çalışmaya alındı. Hastaların başı nötral pozisyonda tutuldu. Genel anestezi altında trendelenburg pozisyonu ve soluk sonu pozitif basınç uygulandı. Sağ İJV kanülasyonu 10 farklı klinisyen tarafından KA palpasyonu işaret noktası alınarak, iğneye medial yada laterale açı verilmeksizin uygulandı. Öncelikli hedefimiz iğne ile ilk üç girişimde sağ İJV ulaşabilme başarı oranlarının belirlenmesi idi. Bulgular: İğnenin toplam üç girişimde sağ İJV’ye ulaşma oranı %96,7 idi. Klinisyenler arasında başarı oranları açısından istatistiksel fark yoktu. Hastaların hiçbirinde KA delinmedi. Sonuç: Başın nötral pozisyonda tutulduğu hastalarda sağ İJV kanülasyonu için yüksek başarı oranlarından dolayı KA işaret noktası olarak etkili bir şekilde kullanılabili

The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe

By sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and its neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age (about 5000 to 1000 BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southward into the Balkans and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra–West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe

Financial liberalization and growth: an overview

Financial liberalization policies that are discussed with McKinnon and Shaw hypothesis through the first period of seventies has created important impacts from the point of not only the functioning of financial markets but also the performance of the whole economic system. The aim of this assertation is to survey the studies that focus on the relationship between financial system and economic development. Through the developments of financial intermediary theories and the endogenous growth model during the eighties, the positive impact of financial liberalization on the real economic activity has been proved theoretically and emprically. It is claimed that deep financial market which completes its development process through sophisticated financial intermediaries and liquid and large capital market is an appropriate ground for international integration process. The international integration policies that are implemented without theoretical proofs and emprical evidences make the countries' economies disturb. The assumption of the international integration will give impetus to financial development and economic growth processes is collapsed. Then, the importance on the economic conditons on the functioning of financial markets is analyzed. This perspective directs debates to the importance of the sequencing and speed problems of policies. Conclusively, it is understood clearly that, the special characteristics of the economy determine how financial markets perform and how the real economic activity is affected from this performance. The requirements of the real Per capita income that exceed a threshold level, sound domestic financial system, law of order, political stability are emphasized notably. 70' lerin ilk periodunda McKinnon ve Shaw tarafından ortaya konulan finansal liberalizasyon politika önerileri, sadece finansal piyasaların işleyişi açısından değil, reel ekonominin performansı bakımından da önemli sonuçlar yarattı. Bu çalışmanın amacı reel ekonominin kalkınma süreci ve finansal piyasaların işleyişi arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışmaların literatür taramasını yapmaktır. Seksenler boyunca gelişen endojen aracı kurumlar ve endojen büyüme modelleri, finansal piyasalar ve reel ekonomik performans arasında varsayılan pozitif ve tek yönlü ilişkiyi hem teorik, hem de ampirik olarak ispatlamışlardır. Bunun takibinde, hem karmaşıklaşmış aracı kurumlar hem de zamanla genişleyen ve likit hale gelen sermaye piyasaları sayesinde gelişme sürecini tamamladığı varsayılan finansal piyasaların, uluslararası piyasalara açılmak için uygun bir zemin oluşturduğuna inanılmış; ulusal finansal piyasaların uluslararası piyasalara eklemlenme sürecine hız verilmiştir; fakat baş döndürücü bir hızla uygulanan politikaların reel ekonomilerde yarattığı hezimet sonucu, tekyönlü varsayılan ilişkinin diğer boyutu da ele alınmış, reel ekonominin finansal piyasaların işleyişi üzerindeki etkisi incelenmeye başlanmış ve ulusal finansal piyasalar için yapılmış varsayımların, ispatı yapılmadan uluslar arası piyasalara uygulanmasının teorik ve ampirik boşluğu ciddi eleştirilere maruz kalmıştır. Daha sonra dikkatlerini bu politikaların uygulama sırasına ve hızına çeviren iktisatçılar, her ülkenin kendi koşulları göz önünde bulundurulmadan, gözü kapalı bir şekilde bu politikalara dahil edilmesine karşı çıkmışlar ve belli bir seviyeyi aşması gereken, reel ekonomik performans, sağlıklı ulusal finansal yapı, güvenilir hukuk sistemi ve politik istikrar gibi gereklilikleri önemle vurgulamışlardır