Ghrelin Levels and Postnatal Growth in Healthy Infants 0-3 Months of Age

Objective: The effect of ghrelin on growth of the newborn has long been argued, but not fully clarified. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between ghrelin levels and growth parameters in the first 3 months of life

Research of different prosthetic designs on dental implants from the point of stress distribution in edentulous mandibuler case by using the method of finite elements stress analysis

Bu çalışmada tam dişsiz alt çenelere yerleştirilen 4 adet implant üzerinde 4 farklı protetik tasarıma gelen kuvvetlerin, implantlarda ve kemikte oluşturdukları streslerin miktarı ve alanları 3 boyutlu sonlu elemanlar analizi ile incelendi. Çalışmamızda tam dişsiz alt çeneye 4 adet implant üzerine, implant üstü sabit proteze iki farklı hassas tutucuyla bağlanan posterior hereketli bölümlü protez, topuz tutuculu overdenture protez ve bar tutuculu overdenture protez yapılmıştır. Her bir modele 1. Molar dişin merkezinden 100 N vertikal ve 100 N oblik olmak üzere iki kuvvet uygulanmıştır. Oluşan stresler algor fempro programıyla incelenmiştir. Çalışmamızın sınırları dahilinde stres değerleri karşılaştırıldığında, en yüksek stres değeri topuz tutuculu overdenture tasarımında posterior implantlarda ve çevresindeki kemikte görülmüştür. En düşük stres değeri ise bar tutuculu overdenture tasarımında ki implantlarda görülmüştür. İmplant üstü sabit proteze hassas tutucuyla bağlanan posterior hareketli bölümlü protezler karşılaştırıldığında ise ceka tutuculu tasarımda bredent tutuculu tasarıma göre daha yüksek stres değerleri görülmüştür. Stresler kortikal kemik seviyesinde yoğunlaşmıştır.In this study,the amount and the area of stress fields generated on implants and bone which arise from incoming forces of four different prosthetic designs on four implants placed in fully edentulous mandible are examined by 3 dimensional finite elements analysis. In our study we prepared four dimentional finite element models representing distal extension mandibular removable partial denture connected to an anterior fixed implant-supported prosthesis, ball retained mandibular overdenture and bar retained mandibular overdenture built over 4 implants. 100 N vertical and 100 N oblique forces from the center of the first mandibular molar teeth were applied on each model. The stress was investigated by using the Algor Pempro programme. While the Stress values were being compared within the limits of our study the highest stress value was seen in the ball design overdenture of the posterior implants and surrounding bone were retained overdenture.On the other hand the lowest stress value occured in the design of the implant bar overdenture. As the implant fixed partial denture prothesis were compared with precision attachments connected to the posterior it was seen that attachments connected to a fixed prosthesis on implants moving the posterior part of dentures Ceka design s stress values were higher than Bredent dentures design s. Stresses are concentrated at the level of cortical bone

BİR İLETİŞİM BİÇİMİ OLARAK EVLİLİĞİN KÜLTÜREL, SİYASİ VE EKONOMİK UNSURLARI (GİRESUN ÖRNEĞİ)

Kültür, bireyin içinde yaşadığı toplumun, inançları, değerleri, ekonomik siyasal düşünüşlerini de kapsayan bir olgudur. Bu nedenle Levi-Strauss,  kültürün uygar ya da barbar şeklinde tanımlanmasına karşı çıkmaktadır. Ona göre her kültür pratiğinin ait olduğu toplumda bir işlevi bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda kültür bireylerin ya da grupların tarihsel, ekonomik, sosyal ilişkilerini düzenleyen kurallar bütünüdür. Levi-Strauss “Akrabalık İlişkileri” adlı çalışması kapsamında evliliğin farklı boyutları incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Levi-Strauss’un bu eserinden yola çıkılarak Giresun ilinde yaşayan 80 yaş üstü bireylerle görüşülerek evlilik ilişkilerinin iletişimsel, kültürel, ekonomik ve siyasi boyutları araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak görüşme tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler içerik analizi yöntemi kapsamında kodlama tekniği ile çözümlenmiştir. Kültürel bir unsur olarak evliliğin gerçekleşme sürecinde ne gibi uygulamalar olduğuna değinilerek bu uygulamaların işlevleri üzerinde durulacaktır

Optimization of the Photometric Enzyme Activity Assay For Evaluating Real Activity of Prolidase

Prolidase cleaves the bonds of dipeptides containing proline (X-Pro) and an importantenzyme in collagen metabolism. Prolidase activity is generally determinedby photometric methods based on the measurement of proline levels produced byprolidase. We aimed to investigate the measured prolidase activity is suitable forthe assessment of its physiological activity. Effects of manganese on the enzymeactivation, protein precipitation and reading steps of the photometric method, andinhibitory effect of proline on the enzyme were analyzed. The intra- and inter-assayCVs % were higher than 10 % for photometric method and turnaround timewas 6-8 hours/test. The activation reagent containing manganese was not stableand its concentration was not optimal for enzyme activation. Thus we modifiedthe photometric method by changing manganese concentrations and pH of activatingsolution, eliminating protein-precipitating step, arranging the pH of colorreagent to the pH optimum for ninhidrin reaction and shortened incubation timewith substrate. The inhibitory effect of proline on the prolidase activity even in thephysiological and produced proline concentrations during enzymatic analysis maylimit the analytical performance of prolidase assays. In conclusion, the modifiedphotometric method presented in this study seems to be more reliable than the classicalphotometric method and measured prolidase activity may not reflect the truephysiological activity of enzyme due to proline inhibition

Erken enteral ve glutaminli enteral beslenmenin kolon anastomoz iyileşmesine etkisi: Deneysel çalişma

PubMed ID: 16456746BACKGROUND: To investigate the effects of postoperative early enteral and glutamine enriched enteral feeding on the healing of experimental colonic anastomosis. METHODS: Forty Wistar-albino rats were equally divided into 4 groups. Colonic transsection and anastomosis situated at the distal left colon was performed on all animals. Animals in groups 1 and 2 received late total enteral nutrition (TEN) and in groups 3 and 4 early TEN. Glutamine was added to TEN protocol in groups 2 and 4. The colonic segment including the anastomosis was excised at the end of the 7th day postoperatively. Bursting pressure of the anastomosis and tissue hydroxyproline levels were determined. RESULTS: Bursting pressure levels were 111.6 and 95.8 centimeters of water (cmH2O) in early and late nutrition groups, respectively (p=0.022). Comparison of late TEN groups showed a significant difference in favor of group with glutamine (95.8 vs 138.5 cmH2O; p<0.0001). Highest bursting pressures (139 and 138.5 cmH2O) were measured in both early and late TEN groups with glutamine. Tissue hydroxyproline level in early TEN group (2440.3 ?g) was significantly higher than late TEN group (1509.6 ?g; p=0.024). Comparison of late TEN groups showed a considerable but not statistically significant difference (p=0.276) in favor of group with glutamine (1509.6 vs 1981.6 ?g). CONCLUSION: Postoperative early TEN significantly ameliorates the resistance of the anastomosis and collagen synthesis. Glutamine enrichment in nutritional protocol decreases and reverses the disadvantages of late TEN regarding the resistance of anastomosis. A similarly positive, albeit weaker, effect of glutamine supplementation is also seen on collagen synthesis

Investigation of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Genes in ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains

Introduction: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae is an important health problem all over the world. In this study, it was aimed to determine the ESBL genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated for approximately four-year period. Materials and Methods: A total 100 ESBL-producing E. coli and 100 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains which were isolated between January 2008 and October 2012 were included into this study. The strains were identified using classical bacteriologic methods and BD Phoenix (Becton Dickinson, US) automatized bacterial identification device. CTX-M, TEM, SHV, VEB, GES, PER and OXA beta-lactamase genes were analyzed with the PCR method. Results: The beta-lactamase genes detected in ESBL-positive K. pneumoniae strains were as follows: 99% for CTX-M, 91% for SHV, 71% for TEM, 10% for OXA-10 group, and 5% for OXA-2 group. In E. coli strains, the prevalence of CTX-M was 92%; TEM was 70%, SHV was 21%, and OXA-2 group was 3%. CTX-M alone was found to be positive in 25 of the 98 (25.5%) in E. coli strains; TEM alone was found to be positive in 2 of 98 (2%) and SHV alone was found in 2 of 98 (2%). CTX-M alone was found positive in 3 of 100 (3%) K. pneumoniae strains. No other resistance genes alone were found in the strains. No GES, VEB and PER-producing strains were determined in this study. Conclusion: In the study, high prevalence of CTX-M beta-lactamase was found in ESBL-producing strains. It was thought that the high potential of mobility with CTX-M genes was the most possible reason for this result. Determination of ESBL genes will be useful to understand resistance epidemiology, develop effective therapeutic strategies, and plan the appropriate preventive measurements

Effect of partial oxygen supply on mitochondrial electron transport system during complete cardiac ischemia

During complete ischemia we assessed myocardial utilization of the small amount of oxygen available. We also determined whether blood cardioplegia has any advantage over crystalloid cardioplegia in this setting

Distribution of blaOXA genes in Acinetobacter baumannii strains: A multicenter study

Acinetobacter cinsi içerisinde hastane enfeksiyonlarının en önemli etkeni Acinetobacter baumannii’dir. Bu gram-negatif kokobasil, antimikrobiyal tedavide kullanılan çoğu antibiyotiğe dirençli olup aynı zamanda karbapenemlere de direnç geliştirme kapasitesindedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, A.baumannii’nin OXA alt grupları için multipleks gerçek zamanlı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (qPCR) kiti tasarlamak ve Türkiye'nin farklı bölgelerinden toplanan A.baumannii izolatlarında OXA alt gruplarının dağılımını araştırmaktır. Çalışmaya, çeşitli illerdeki (Afyonkarahisar, Ankara, Bolu, Elazığ, Erzurum, Isparta, İstanbul, Kahramanmaraş, Konya, Sakarya, Van) 13 üniversite ve devlet hastanesinin mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarlarında, 2008-2011 tarihleri arasında izole edilen toplam 834 A.baumannii klinik izolatı dahil edilmiştir. İzolatlar, konvansiyonel yöntemler ve otomatize sistemler [Vitek2 (bioMerieux, ABD) ve Phoenix (BD Diagnostic, MD)] kullanıla- rak tanımlanmış; duyarlılık testleri otomatize sistemler ve disk difüzyon yöntemiyle yapılmıştır. Tüm örnek- lere blaOXA-51-like, blaOXA-23-like ve blaOXA-58-like genleri için qPCR uygulanmış; ayrıca, blaOXA-24-like geni araştırılmasında konvansiyonel PCR yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmamızda saptanan antibiyotik direnç oranları; amoksisilin-klavulanat için %96.8, siprofloksasin için %86.8, gentamisin için %74.7, amikasin için %71.7, sefaperazon-sulbaktam için %73.5, imipenem için %72.1 ve meropenem için %73 olarak izlenmiştir. Altı yüz iki (%72.2) izolat hem imipenem hem de meropeneme dirençli bulunmuştur. A.baumannii izolatları için en etkili antibiyotiğin, %100 duyarlılık oranı ile kolistin olduğu görülmüştür. İzolatların tümünde bla-geni pozitif bulunmuş; ancak blaOXA-24-like geni hiçbir izolatta gösterilememiştir. Toplam blaOXA-23- OXA-51-like ve blaOXA-58-like gen pozitiflikleri sırasıyla %53.7 ve %12.5 olarak saptanmıştır. Karbapeneme dirençli izolike latların blaOXA-23-like ve blaOXA-58-like gen pozitiflikleri ise sırasıyla %74.4 ve %17.3 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yir- mi beş izolat hem blaOXA-23-like hem de blaOXA-58-like gen pozitifliği göstermiştir. blaOXA-24-like hariç, karbapeneme dirençli izolatların tamamında OXA tipi genler saptanmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan merkezlerin blaOXA-23- ve blaOXA-58-like gen pozitiflik oranları farklı bulunmuştur. Ek olarak, çalışma sürecinde blaOXA-58-like gen like pozitifliği azalırken, blaOXA-23-like gen pozitifliği ile birlikte karbapenem direncinin arttığı belirlenmiştir. So- nuç olarak, karbapenemler dahil antimikrobiyal tedavide kullanılan çoğu antibiyotiğe yüksek direnç gös- teren A.baumannii izolatlarının kolistine duyarlılığı devam etmektedir. Hem blaOXA-23-like hem de blaOXA-58- genleri karbapeneme dirençli A.baumannii klinik izolatlarında oldukça yaygın olmakla birlikte, yıllar için- like deki blaOXA-23-like pozitif izolatların artışı dikkat çekicidir. Günümüzde, hastane kaynaklı enfeksiyonların ön- lenmesi için dirençli bakterilerin hızlı tanısında, multipleks qPCR en uygun yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada geliştirilen multipleks qPCR kiti karbapeneme dirençli A.baumannii klinik izolatlarında blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-58-like ve blaOXA-51-like genlerinin hızlı tanısı ve sıklığının ortaya konmasında yararlı olabilir.Acinetobacter baumannii is the most important agent of nosocomial infections within the Acinetobac- ter genus. This gram-negative coccobacillus is intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics used in antimic- robial therapy, and capable of developing resistance including carbapenems. The objective of this study was to develop a multiplex real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) kit for OXA subgroups in A.ba- umannii, and to investigate the distribution of OXA subgroups in A.baumannii strains isolated from ge- ographically different regions of Turkey. A total of 834 A.baumannii clinical isolates collected from diffe- rent state and university medical centers in 13 provinces (Afyonkarahisar, Ankara, Bolu, Elazig, Erzurum, Isparta, Istanbul, Kahramanmaras, Konya, Sakarya, Van) between 2008-2011, were included in the study. The isolates were identified by conventional methods and automated systems [Vitek2 (bioMeri- eux, ABD) and Phoenix (BD Diagnostic, MD)]. The susceptibility profiles of the isolates were studied with automated systems and standard disc diffusion method. All samples were subjected to qPCR to detect blaOXA-51-like, blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-58-like genes. A conventional PCR method was also used to detect bla- gene. The resistance rates observed during the study period were as follows: 96.8% for amo- OXA-24-like xicillin-clavulanate, 86.8% for ciprofloxacin, 74.7% for gentamicin, 71.7% for amikacin, 73.5% for ce- faperozone-sulbactam, 72.1% for imipenem and 73% for meropenem. Six hundred and two (72.2 %) isolates were resistant to both imipenem and meropenem. Colistin was found to be the most effective antibiotic against A.baumannii isolates with 100% susceptibility rate. All isolates were positive for blaOXA- gene, however blaOXA-24-like gene could not be demonstrated in any isolate. Total positivity rates of 51-like blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-58-like genes were found as 53.7% and 12.5%, respectively, while these rates we- re 74.4% and 17.3% in carbapenem-resistant isolates, respectively. Twenty-five isolates were positive for both blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-58-like genes. All of the carbapenem-resistant isolates have OXA type genes with the exception of blaOXA-24-like gene. The positivity rates for blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-58-like genes vari- ed for each center. In addition, there was a decrease in the frequency of blaOXA-58-like gene, however both blaOXA-23-like gene and carbapenem resistance rates increased during the study period. In conclusion, high rates of resistance to carbapenems were also remarkable but A.baumannii strains keep on sensiti- vity to colistin. Both blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-58-like genes were shown to be widespread in carbapenem- resistant A.baumannii clinical isolates. However, blaOXA-23-like gene positive strains were increased throug- hout the study. Currently, multiplex qPCR is the best way for rapid diagnosis of resistant bacteria for pre- vention of hospital-acquired infections. The multiplex qPCR kit developed in this study could be useful for rapid diagnosis and identify the frequencies of blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-51-like and blaOXA-58-like genes in car- bapenem-resistant A.baumannii clinical isolates