The role of group identification in the well-being of Spaniards with gypsy ethnicity

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in The Journal of Social Psychology. Gomez Berrocal, M. D. C., Porras, C., & Mata, S. (2020). The role of group identification in the well-being of Spaniards with gypsy ethnicity. The Journal of Social Psychology, 160(2), 204-215 which has been published in final form at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2019.1634504 It is deposited under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.”Objective: To describe the role of sex, age, educational level and psychosocial group-identification factors in well-being and satisfaction with life. Method: 229 Spanish Gypsies completed a survey of demographic data, psychological well- being, life satisfaction, ethnic identity and the individual’s inclusion of self within the ingroup. Results: (a) only level of studies is related to satisfaction with life; (b) participants with higher scores in ethnic identity reported more well-being and more life satisfaction; and (c) assessment of ethnic belonging affects more areas of well-being than does perception of closeness to the ingroup. Conclusion: objective conditions of deprivation are not related to well-being as reported by the participants; it is important to study how Spanish Gypsies value and perceive their ethnicity in order to predict their well-being and satisfaction with life.Departamento de Psicología Social (Universidad de Granada), Departamento de Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento (Universidad de Granada), Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico (Universidad de Granada)

Sexual double standard: A gender-based prejudice referring to sexual freedom and sexual shyness

The sexual double standard (SDS) consists of judging men and women differently for the same sexual behavior. This study contributes to research on the factors that determine inconsistent adherence to the SDS. It uses a descriptive methodology to analyze the association between individual and contextual factors both with adherence to the SDS, and with four SDS adherence typologies (man-favorable SDS, woman-favorable SDS, egalitarian and ambivalent). A total of 1,206 heterosexual Spanish adults (603 men and 603 women) participated. The mean age in the male sample was 41.7 (SD = 14.25), in the female sample M = 40.84 (SD = 14.24). The results show that the conceptualization of SDS as a gender-based prejudice is valid to understand the bias of ingroup favoritism that SDS implies: adherence to SDS is more related to the identity of the gender role of men (vs. women). In addition, evidence is provided that the normative context and domain of sexual behavior (i.e., sexual freedom or sexual shyness) determine the form that SDS adopts to express itself. The domain of behaviors related to sexual shyness (vs. domain related to sexual freedom) better discriminates between the different four SDS adherence typologies. The importance of adopting different levels of analysis (i.e., individual, intergroup, societal) to explain and predict both SDS adherence and the prevalence of SDS adherence typologies is discussed.Spanish Government PSI2014-25035-R FPU16/04429 B13 56 1 RD 99/201

Evaluating the Subjective Orgasm Experience Through Sexual Context, Gender, and Sexual Orientation

The subjective orgasm experience (SOE) is the psychological perception of orgasm sensations and closely related to sexual health. Here, SOE was studied through the context in which it is experienced (sexual relationships and solitary masturbation), gender, and sexual orientation. For this purpose, data were collected from 4255 people (1927 men and 2328 women) of different sexual orientations (heterosexual = 1545; bisexual = 1202; and gay = 1508) who completed two versions of the Orgasm Rating Scale (ORS) for both contexts (i.e., sexual relationships and solitary masturbation) along with a socio-demographic questionnaire. Results showed that the ORS in the context of solitary masturbation is an instrument invariant by gender and sexual orientation. Significant differences in SOE were found by context: it was more intense in the context of sexual relationships (vs. solitary masturbation); by gender: women (vs. men) reported greater intensity; and by sexual orientation, with heterosexual people (vs. gay and bisexual people) having a more intense experience.Universidad de Granada / CBUASpanish Government RTI2018- 093317-B-I0

Invarianza de la versión española de la Sexual Double Standard Scale por sexo, edad y nivel educativo

The Sexual Double Standard Scale (SDSS) is one of the most widely-used scales for evaluating the Sexual Double Standard (SDS) and the Spanish version of the scale displays adequate psychometric properties in the adult Spanish population. The aim of this study is to examine the factorial invariance and differential item functioning (DIF) of the Spanish version according to sex, education level, and age, with the objective of describing and comparing SDS based on these variables. Method: A sample of 3,838 heterosexual participants was used (1,908 men and 1,930 women) between the ages of 18 and 90. Results: The results showed that the factorial structure of the SDSS is invariant in terms of sex and education level; with none of these items displaying DIF. Only items 11 and 14 display DIF in terms of age and, therefore, it is recommended that these items be excluded when making comparisons between age ranges. The association of SDSS with sex, education level, and age follows the expected results. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the SDSS is invariant and, as a consequence, can be used in different types of samples.la Sexual Double Standard Scale (SDSS) es una de las escalas más empleadas para evaluar el doble estándar sexual (DES) y la versión española presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas en población adulta. El objetivo de este estudio es estudiar la invarianza factorial y el funcionamiento diferencial de los ítems (DIF) de la versión en español según sexo, nivel de estudios y edad, con la fi nalidad de describir y comparar el DES en función de estas variables. Método: se empleó una muestra de 3.838 heterosexuales (1.908 hombres y 1.930 mujeres) entre 18 y 90 años de edad. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos muestran que la estructura factorial de la SDSS es invariante por sexo y nivel educativo, no presentando DIF ninguno de sus ítems. Solo los ítems 11 y 14 presentan DIF en función de la edad, por lo que se recomienda su eliminación en el caso de hacer comparaciones entre grupos etarios. La asociación del SDSS con el sexo, nivel de estudios y edad sigue los resultados esperados. Conclusiones: la versión española de la SDSS es invariante, por lo que se puede emplear en diferentes tipos de muestra.This study has been funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad through the Research Project PSI2014-58035-R and the Bursary FPU 16/04429 for University Professor Training, as part of the first author’s thesis (Psychology Doctoral Programme B13 56 1; RD 99/2011)

Desarrollo de una versión española breve del Negative Attitudes Toward Masturbation Inventory

This study has been funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia,Innovación y Universidades through the Research ProjectRTI2018-093317-B-I00 and the Bursary FPU18/03102 for Uni-versity Professor Training as part of the first author’s thesis(Psychological Doctoral Programme B13 56 1; RD 99/2011).Background/Objective: Masturbation has historically been a sexual behaviour associated with negative connotations, as a consequence of traditional orthodox positions, despite its positive impact on health. The instruments developed to measure the attitude towards masturbation are scarce, and none of them have been validated in the Spanish adult population. This study aims to propose a short version of the Negative Attitudes Toward Masturbation Inventory (NATMI) and examine their psychometric properties (reliability and evidence of validity) in the Spanish adult population. Method: A total of 4,116 heterosexual adults aged 18-83 years (M = 40.58; SD = 12.24; 54.64% women) participated in the study. In addition to the NATMI, they answered other scales to assess sexual attitudes, sexual desire, propensity to become sexually excited/inhibited and sexual functioning. Results: Analysis of the construct validity of the NATMI resulted in a reduced version of ten items grouped into a single factor explaining 66% of the variance (ordinal alpha = .95). The evidence of validity is clear, as subjects with negative and positive attitude towards masturbation differed in religiousness, frequency of masturbation, erotophilia, positive attitude towards sexual fantasies, sexual inhibition and sexual functioning. Conclusions: The Spanish short version of NATMI provides reliable and valid measures in the Spanish adult population.Antecedentes/objetivo: La masturbación ha sido una conducta sexual asociada históricamente a connotaciones negativas, como consecuencia de posturas tradicionales ortodoxas, a pesar de su impacto positivo en la salud. Son escasos los instrumentos desarrollados para medir la actitud hacia la masturbación, no existiendo ninguno validado en población adulta española. El objetivo de este estudio es proponer una versión breve del Negative Attitudes Toward Masturbation Inventory (NATMI) y examinar sus propiedades psicométricas (fiabilidad y evidencias de validez) en población adulta española. Método: Participaron 4.116 adultos heterosexuales de 18-83 años (M = 40,58; DT = 12,24; 54,64% mujeres), que respondieron además del NATMI a otras escalas para evaluar actitudes sexuales, deseo sexual, propensión a excitarse/inhibirse sexualmente y funcionamiento sexual. Resultados: El análisis de la validez de constructo dio lugar a una versión reducida de diez ítems agrupados en un único factor que explica el 66% de la varianza (alfa ordinal = 0,95). Se aportan evidencias de validez, ya que los sujetos con actitud negativa y positiva hacia la masturbación se diferencian en religiosidad, frecuencia de masturbación, erotofilia, actitud positiva hacia las fantasías sexuales, inhibición sexual y funcionamiento sexual. Conclusiones: La versión española breve del NATMI proporciona medidas fiables y validas en población adulta española.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades RTI2018093317-B-I00 FPU18/03102 B13 56 1 RD 99/201

Invariance of the Sexual Double Standard Scale: A Cross-Cultural Study

The Sexual Double Standard (SDS) is an instrument used to judge sexual behavior, in which men are usually granted greater sexual freedom, while the same sexual behavior is condemned in women. Culture can be a relevant variable for the SDS. Therefore, we have examined the measurement invariance of the Sexual Double Standard Scale (SDSS) across the Spanish and Colombian populations, comparing this phenomenon by country and gender. The scale comprises two factors: sexual freedom and sexual shyness. The sample consisted of 1832 heterosexual adults (46.3% men, 53.7% women), 54.3% of whom were Spanish and 45.7% Colombian. Strong invariance was found. The reliability values were good for country and gender. Men and women from both countries supported greater freedom for themselves compared to the other gender. Furthermore, Spanish women, unlike their Colombian counterparts, supported greater sexual shyness for men. Thus, what some authors have labeled as a "reverse sexual double standard" seems to emerge.This study was partially funded through a research project granted by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness (Grant Number PSI2014-58035-R)

The role of social categorization and sociodemographic differences in self-esteem, psychological adjustment and well-being of a sample of immigrants

El objetivo general de esta investigación es explorar en qué medida el ajuste y el bienestar psicológicos de las personas inmigrantes están relacionados de forma diferente con la valoración de las identidades (personal/social) que componen el autoconcepto. Un total de 210 personas inmigrantes residentes en las provincias de Granada y Almería, fueron distribuidas en tres grupos que se establecieron en función de dos criterios: saliencia (baja/alta) de la identidad social inmigrante y situación laboral (sin empleo/con empleo). Los resultados indican que el total de la muestra presenta un buen ajuste y bienestar psicológicos y que ambos indicadores se relacionan directamente con la valoración del autoconcepto (social o personal). Además se encontró que la valoración de los elementos (personal/social) del autoconcepto, así como la relación que mantienen con ajuste y bienestar psicológicos, dependen de señales situacionales, como la saliencia de la identidad social “inmigrante” o la situación laboral.The general objective of this investigation is to explore to what extent do the adjustment and the psychological welfare of the immigrant people are related in different ways to the assessment of the identities (personal/social) which compose the self-concept. 210 immigrants, residents in the provinces of Granada and Almeria (Spain), were distributed in three groups, established according to two criteria: the salience (high/low) of the immigrant social identity and the labour situation (employed/unemployed). The result shows that the total of the sample presents a good adjustment and psychological welfare, and both indicators are directly related to the assessment of the self-concept (social or personal). It was also found that the assessment of the elements (social/ personal) of self-concept, as well as the relationship with adjustment and psychological welfare, depends on situational signs, such as the salience of the social identity "immigrant” or the employment situation.La financiación para el pago de los encuestadores que recogieron la muestra de inmigrantes, ha sido posible gracias al Proyec-to de Investigación de Excelencia de la Consejería de Innovación, Ciencias y Empresa de la Junta de Andalucía (Referencia P09-SEJ-4657) y cofinan-ciado por Fondos FEDER

Relationship of sexual double standard with sexual functioning and risk sexual behaviors: A systematic review

El doble estándar sexual (DES) hace referencia a la aceptación de diferentes criterios para la valoración del mismo comportamiento sexual en hombres y en mujeres. Ante la ausencia de revisiones bibliográficas previas, este trabajo presenta una revisión sistemática sobre la relación del DES con el funcionamiento sexual y las conductas sexuales de rie sgo. A partir de la búsqueda en diferentes bases de datos, se obtuvieron 22 artículos científicos. Los resultados señalan que la actitud a favor del DES perjudica el funcionamiento sexual y favorece las conductas sexuales de riesgo, las cuales son más perjudiciales para las mujeres. Se discute la importancia que tiene el estudio del DES en la salud sexual, para entender el funcionamiento sexual y la incidencia de las conductas sexuales de riesgo. Se recomienda mejorar los instrumentos para medir DES, con el fin de garantizar una evaluación exacta e invariante de este fenómeno en aquellos grupos definidos por el género y otras variables socioculturales.Sexual double standard (SDS) refers to the acceptance of different criteria for the assessment of the same sexual behavior in men and women. Due to the absence of previous bibliographical reviews, this study presents a systematic review of the relationship between SDS, sexual functioning, and risk sexual behaviors. From a search of different databases, it was obtained a total of 22 scientific articles. The results indicate that attitude in favor of SDS harms sexual functioning and favors risk sexual behaviors, which were more harmful to women. The importance of the study of SDS in sexual health is discussed, to understand sexual functioning and the incidence of risk sexual behaviors. It is recommended to improve the instruments used to measure SDS, to guarantee an exact and invariant evaluation of this phenomenon in those groups defined by gender and other socio-cultural variables

Shall We Establish Sexual Consent or Would You Feel Weird? Sexual Objectification and Rape-Supportive Attitudes as Predictors of How Sex is Negotiated in Men and Women

How sex is negotiated has reached greater interest because a lack of consent is considered to be a risk factor for sexual violence. However, the mechanisms underlying sexual consent still remain unexplored. The purpose of the present study was to examine the link between rape-supportive attitudes and objectification, as experienced by women and perpetrated by men, in the context of specific domains relevant to the establishment and negotiation of sexual consent, i.e., attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. The sample comprised 1682 participants (21.5% male, 78.5% female) aged 18–66 years (M = 23.41; SD = 6.96). In women, negotiation of consent was predicted both directly and indirectly by being sexually objectified by men, rape attitudes playing a mediating role. Women who were objectified reported lower efficacy with respect to asking for consent and considered explicit establishment of consent as important. In men, only the perpetration of unwanted sexual advances predicted how they negotiate consent, in which rape attitudes played a mediating role (indicating a maladaptive pattern of negotiation). Our findings could be useful for the design and implementation of intervention programs that address both victims and perpetrators of violence

Study of Sexual Concordance in Men and Women with Different Typologies of Adherence to the Sexual Double Standard

This study has been funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competividad through the Research Project PSI2014-58035-R and de Bursary FPU 16/04429 for University Professor Training as part of the first author's thesis (Psychological Doctoral Programme B13 56 1; RD 99/2011).Background/Objective: Sexual concordance (i.e., relationship between genital response and subjective sexual arousal) is higher in men than in women. Among the factors that could explain this difference would be the sexual double standard (SDS). Sexual concordance is examined by SDS typologies of adherence (egalitarian, man-favorable, and woman-favorable). Method: During exposure to a film with sexual content, genital response (penile circumference/vaginal pulse amplitude) and self-reported sexual arousal were recorded in 104 young adults (42 men and 62 women), distributed into SDS typologies of adherence on the basis of their scores on the Sexual Double Standard Scale. Results: Sexual concordance was obtained in men and women with egalitarian and man-favorable typology. Subjective sexual arousal explained a significant percentage of the variance in genital response in the egalitarian typology (men: R2 = .32, p < .01; women: R2 = .19, p < .05) and man-favorable typology (men: R2 = .21, p < .05; women: R2 = .23, p < .05). Conclusions: Agreement between genital responsiveness and subjective sexual arousal depends on DES adherence typology.Antecedentes/Objetivo: La concordancia sexual (i.e., relacion entre respuesta genital y excitacion sexual subjetiva) parece ser mayor en hombres que en mujeres. Entre los factores que podrían explicar dicha diferencia estaría el doble estandar sexual (DES). Se examina la con- cordancia sexual en funcion de la tipología de adhesion al DES (igualitaria, favorable al hombre y favorable a la mujer). Metodo: Durante la exposicion a un filme de contenido sexual, se registro la respuesta genital (circunferencia peniana/amplitud del pulso vaginal) y la excitacion sexual autoinformada de 104 adultos jovenes (42 hombres y 62 mujeres), distribuidos en las tipologías de adhesion al DES a partir de sus puntuaciones en la Sexual Double Standard Scale. Resultados: Se obtuvo concordancia sexual en hombres y mujeres con tipología igualitaria y favorable al hombre. La excitacion sexual subjetiva explicó un porcentaje significativo de la varianza de la respuesta genital en la tipología igualitaria (hombres: R2 = 0,32, p < 0,01; mujeres: R2 = 0,19, p < 0,05) y en la favorable al hombre (hombres: R2 = 0,21, p < 0,05; mujeres: R2 = 0,23, p < 0,05). Conclusiones: El acuerdo entre la respuesta genital y la excitacion sexual subjetiva depende de la tipología de adhesion al DES.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad PSI2014-58035-R, RD 99/201