Pobreza y políticas de desarrollo rural en México

La lucha contra la pobreza en lo rural ha dejado de ser prioritaria en algunos países, fruto de una aparente mejoría de sus condi- ciones de vida. El estudio de las políticas de desarrollo rural en México resulta de espe- cial interés, por cuanto este país se sitúa a la vanguardia en el intento de aumentar la coordinación de sus políticas, siendo este objeto de evaluación en este trabajo. A par- tir de la información obtenida con las en- trevistas realizadas en dos rondas a expertos en desarrollo rural – metodología Delphi – , en este trabajo se analiza la desatención de la pobreza en zonas rurales, aportando los expertos sus valoraciones acerca de la efi ca- cia que en la reducción de la pobreza rural están teniendo las políticas implementadas, planteándose el interés de seguir profundi- zando las reformas iniciadas

Switching from reference infliximab to CT-P13 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: 12 months results

Background: Biological agents, such as infliximab, have transformed the outcomes of patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The advent of biosimilar treatment options such as CT-P13 promises to improve the availability of biological therapy, yet real-world switching data are currently limited. Here, we assess the effectiveness and safety of switching to CT-P13 from infliximab reference product (RP) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Materials and methods: This was a prospective single-center observational study in patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). All patients were switched from infliximab RP (Remicade) to CT-P13 treatment and followed up for up to 12 months. The efficacy endpoint was the change in clinical response assessed at 3-monthly intervals, according to the Harvey–Bradshaw score and partial Mayo score for patients with CD and UC, respectively. C-reactive protein (CRP) was also measured. Adverse events were monitored and recorded throughout the study. Results: A total of 98 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (67 CD/31 UC) were included. A total of 83.6% (56/67) of patients with CD were in remission at the time of the switch and 62.7% were in remission at 12 months. The Harvey–Bradshaw score showed a significant change at 12 months (P =0.007) but no significant change was observed in median CRP at this timepoint (P= 0.364). A total of 80.6% (25/31) of patients with UC were in remission at the time of the switch and 65.3% (18/28) were in remission at 12 months. No significant changes in the median partial Mayo score (P=0.058) or CRP (P =0.329) were observed at 12 months. Serious adverse events related to medication were reported in 11 (11.2%) patients. Conclusion: Switching from infliximab RP to CT-P13 is efficacious and well tolerated in patients with CD or UC for up to 12 months

A comparative study of supervised machine learning algorithms for the prediction of long-range chromatin interactions

The role of three-dimensional genome organization as a critical regulator of gene expression has become increasingly clear over the last decade. Most of our understanding of this association comes from the study of long range chromatin interaction maps provided by Chromatin Conformation Capture-based techniques, which have greatly improved in recent years. Since these procedures are experimentally laborious and expensive, in silico prediction has emerged as an alternative strategy to generate virtual maps in cell types and conditions for which experimental data of chromatin interactions is not available. Several methods have been based on predictive models trained on one-dimensional (1D) sequencing features, yielding promising results. However, different approaches vary both in the way they model chromatin interactions and in the machine learning-based strategy they rely on, making it challenging to carry out performance comparison of existing methods. In this study, we use publicly available 1D sequencing signals to model cohesin-mediated chromatin interactions in two human cell lines and evaluate the prediction performance of six popular machine learning algorithms: decision trees, random forests, gradient boosting, support vector machines, multi-layer perceptron and deep learning. Our approach accurately predicts long-range interactions and reveals that gradient boosting significantly outperforms the other five methods, yielding accuracies of about 95%. We show that chromatin features in close genomic proximity to the anchors cover most of the predictive information, as has been previously reported. Moreover, we demonstrate that gradient boosting models trained with different subsets of chromatin features, unlike the other methods tested, are able to produce accurate predictions. In this regard, and besides architectural proteins, transcription factors are shown to be highly informative. Our study provides a framework for the systematic prediction of long-range chromatin interactions, identifies gradient boosting as the best suited algorithm for this task and highlights cell-type specific binding of transcription factors at the anchors as important determinants of chromatin wiring mediated by cohesin.This research was funded by grant TIN2015-64776-C3-2-R from the Spanish Government and the European Regional Development FundPeer reviewe

Walter holding capacity of volcanic soils estimated by easily measured variables

Los suelos de la Región Andino Patagónica se desarrollan fundamentalmente a partir de cenizas y arenas volcánicas, lo que les otorga propiedades distintivas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue generar modelos que permitan estimar las constantes hídricas [capacidad de campo (CC) y punto de marchitez permanente (PMP)] en suelos volcánicos, en función de variables de fácil determinación a campo: clase textural estimada al tacto y test de fluoruro de sodio (NaF), el cual permite estimar la presencia de aluminosilicatos no cristalinos. Los datos fueron analizados mediante modelos de regresión cuadrática, considerando la clase textural como variable ordinal independiente (x) y las constantes hídricas como variables dependientes. Se obtuvieron los siguientes modelos cuadráticos de regresión: Para suelos con reacción negativa al NaF (i.e., sin aluminosilicatos no cristalinos) (N = 132): CC = 47,18 – 4,09 * x + 0,13 * x2 (R2 = 0,52) PMP = 30,46 – 3,52 * x + 0,13 * x2 (R2 = 0,53) Para suelos con reacción positiva al NaF (i.e., con aluminosilicatos no cristalinos) (N = 211): CC = 35,50 + 1,26 * x – 0,23 * x2 (R2 = 0,25) PMP = 21,53 + 0,29 * x - 0,13 * x2 (R2 = 0,37) Siendo x el código ordinal de clase textural: 1 = arcilloso; 2 = arcillo limoso; 3 = franco arcillo limoso; 4 = arcillo arenoso; 5 = franco arcilloso; 6 = limoso; 7 = franco limoso; 8 = franco arcillo arenoso; 9 = franco; 10 = franco arenoso; 11 = areno franco; 12 = arenoso. Los modelos desarrollados presentaron un ajuste estadísticamente significativo, y tienen la practicidad de sólo necesitar datos de campo, fácilmente obtenibles.Soils in Patagonian Andean Region are developed mainly from volcanic ashes and they have distinct properties. We aimed to develop models in order to estimate Field capacity (FC) and Permanent Wilting Point (PWP) in volcanic soils, using easily measured variables: soil textural class and Fieldes test, which allows detecting non-crystalline aluminosilicates. Data were analyzed with second order regression models, considering textural class as ordinal independent variable (x) and FC and PWP as dependent variables. The following regression models were developed: For soils with negative Fieldes test (i.e., without non-crystalline aluminosilicates) (N = 132): FC = 47,18 – 4,09 * x + 0,13 * x2 (R2 = 0,52) PWP = 30,46 – 3,52 * x + 0,13 * x2 (R2 = 0,53) For soils with positive Fieldes test (i.e., with non-crystalline aluminosilicates) (N = 211): FC = 35,50 + 1,26 * x – 0,23 * x2 (R2 = 0,25) PWP = 21,53 + 0,29 * x - 0,13 * x2 (R2 = 0,37) x = code for textural class: 1 = clay; 2 = silty clay; 3 = silty clay loam; 4 = sandy clay; 5 = clay loam; 6 = silt; 7 = silt loam; 8 = sandy clay loam; 9 = loam; 10 = sandy loam; 11 = loamy sand; 12 = sand. These models showed significant fit, and are a useful tool based on readily available field data.Fil: la Manna, Ludmila Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ingeniería - Sede Esquel; ArgentinaFil: Tarabini, Manuela Mabel. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ingeniería - Sede Esquel; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gómez, Federico Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ingeniería - Sede Esquel; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Noli, Pedro Agustin. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel; ArgentinaFil: Vogel, Braian Emiliano. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Buduba, Carlos Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel; Argentin

Comparación de métodos de análisis de imágenes para determinar el campo de velocidades en las cercanías de las rejas de alcantarillado

El objetivo de este trabajo es la comparación de los campos de velocidades y caudales captados a través de la técnica Surface Flow Image Velocimetry (SFIV) frente a los datos de ensayo experimental, que pudiera ayudar a entender el comportamiento hidráulico del flujo en los alrededores de una reja de captación donde los equipos de medición tradicionales tienen serios problemas y limitaciones y para otros tipos de flujos caracterizados por láminas de agua con calados pequeños. Con el fin de seguir en la misma línea de investigación y comparar los resultados obtenidos previamente con el software Digiflow, se utilizó también un código libre de análisis de imágenes llamado PIVlab escrito en el lenguaje de cálculo técnico MATLAB. Teniendo en cuenta que ambos programas de cálculo tienen algoritmos diferentes, pero siguen un procedimiento similar al de la velocimetría de partículas (PIV), en ambos casos se aplicó la técnica SFIV para el flujo en superficie, sin añadir partículas como trazadores y validando los resultados con los datos experimentales de medida de calados y caudales captados por la reja. Además, esto se podría convertir en una técnica de visualización en hidráulica experimental pudiendo utilizarse en distintos campos para determinar campos de velocidades y patrones de transporte de sedimentos.Postprint (published version

Temporal response to drought stress in several Prunus rootstocks and wild species

Prunus species are important crops in temperate regions. In these regions, drought periods are predicted to occur more frequently due to climate change. In this sense, to reduce the impact of climate warming, obtaining new tolerant/resistant cultivars and rootstocks is a mandatory goal in Prunus breeding. Therefore, the current study assembled three Prunus species including almond, (P. dulcis Mill D.A. Webb), apricot (P. armeniaca L.) and peach (P. persica L.) to model the temporal effects of drought. A hybrid peach × almond and a wild almond-relative species Prunus webbii were also included in the study. Physiological traits associated with photosynthetic activity, leaf water status, and chlorophyll content were assessed under three watering treatments. Results showed that effects of time, genotype, and treatment interact significantly in all traits. In addition, results confirmed that P. webbii have a greater tolerance to drought than commercial rootstocks. However, “Real Fino” apricot showed the fastest recovery after re-irrigation while being one of the most affected cultivars. In addition, from the better response to these watering treatments by the almond genotypes, two different trends were observed after re-irrigation treatment that clearly differentiate the response of the almond cultivar “Garrigue” from the rest of Prunus genotypes. A better characterization of the short-term drought response in Prunus, an accurate and more efficient evaluation of the genotype effect was obtained from the use of mixed models considering appropriate variance–covariance structures. Although the advantages of these approaches are rarely used in Prunus breeding, these methodologies should be undertaken in the future by breeders to increase efficiency in developing new breeding materials.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Comparison of the Mayo Endoscopy Score and the Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopy Index of Severity and the Ulcerative Colitis Colonoscopy Index of Severity

Background and study aims: Endoscopy plays an essential role in managing patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), as it allows us to visualize and assess the severity of the disease. As such assessments are not always objective, different scores have been devised to standardize the findings. The main aim of this study was to assess the interobserver variability between the Mayo Endoscopy Score (MES), Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopy Index of Severity (UCEIS) and Ulcerative Colitis Colonoscopy Index of Severity (UCCIS) analyzing the severity of the endoscopic lesions in patients with ulcerative colitis. Patients and methods: This was a single-cohort observational study in which a colonoscopy was carried out on patients with UC, as normal clinical practice, and a video was recorded. The results from the video were classified according to the MES, UCEIS and UCCIS by three endoscopic specialists independently, and they were compared to each other. The Mayo Endoscopy Score (MES) was used to assess the clinical situation of the patient. The therapeutic impact was analyzed after colonoscopy was carried out. Results: Sixty-seven patients were included in the study. The average age was 51 (SD ± 16.7) and the average MES was 3.07 (SD± 2.54). The weighted Kappa index between endoscopists A and B for the MES was 0.8; between A and C 0.52; and between B and C 0.49. The intraclass correlation coefficient for UCEIS was 0.92 among the three endoscopists (CI 95 %: 0.83–0.96) and 0.96 for UCCIS among the three endoscopists (CI 95% 0.94–0.97). A change in treatment for 34.3% of the patients was implemented on seeing the results of the colonoscopy. Conclusions: There was an adequate, but not perfect, correlation between the different endoscopists for MES, UCEIS, UCCIS. This was higher with the last two scores. Thus, there is still some subjectivity to be minimized through special training, on assessing the seriousness of the endoscopic lesions in patients with UC

Use of seasonal forecasts for water resources management in Spain

Presentación realizada en: 15th Annual Meeting of the European Meteorological Society (EMS) /12th European Conference on Applications of Meteorology (ECAM) celebrado en Sofía, Bulgaria del 7 al 11 de septiembre de 2015

Effectiveness hyperoxygenated fatt y acid with silicone in lo wer extremities with and without ulcerations

Introducción: Existen evidencias científicas sobre los beneficios del uso de ácidos grasos para la regeneración epidérmica y la prevención de las úlceras crónicas. Los ácidos grasos hiperoxigenados (AGHO) son productos compuestos por ácidos grasos esenciales (AGE) a los que se añade oxigeno a la molécula inicial a través de un proceso llamado hiperoxidación. La formula a estudio presenta además ciclometicona (silicona). El objetivo de este estudio es comprobar la eficacia de los AGHO con silicona en extremidades inferiores, con y sin ulceraciones. Metodología: Estudio observacional, longitudinal, por cohortes de carácter prospectivo y multicéntrico realizado desde octubre de 2010 hasta septiembre de 2011. En una muestra de pacientes se aplicó AGHO con silicona en formato aceite, en extremidades inferiores con alteraciones vasculares venosas y AGHO con silicona en formato leche en extremidades inferiores isquémicas y/o neuropáticas. Se efectúo un seguimiento de 8 semanas, valorando a través de la escala Fedpalla la evolución del grado de deterioro de la integridad cutánea. Resultados: En general la muestra evolucionó tras 8 semanas de aplicación de AGHO, desde un grado II (mal pronóstico de epitelización) a un grado IV (muy buen pronóstico) de la escala Fedpalla. En 9 pacientes se midió la presión transcutánea de oxígeno, al inicio y al final del estudio, elevándose un 11.1%. Conclusión: Los AGHO con silicona utilizados han permitido la restauración de la integridad cutánea en la mayoría de los pacientes en un periodo de 56 días.Introduction: There is scientific evidence on the benefits of the use of fatty acids for epidermal regeneration and prevention of chronic ulcers. The hyperoxygenated fatty acids (HOFAs) are products composed for essential fatty acids (EFA) to which oxygen is added to molecule through a process called hyperoxidation. The formula to study presents addition cyclomethicone (silicone). The objective of this study is to test the efficacy of the HOFA with silicone in lower extremities, with or without ulcerations. Methodology: An observational study, longitudinal, cohort of character and prospective multicenter from October 2010 to September 2011. In a sample of patients were applied HOFA with silicone in oil format, in the lower extremities with vascular alterations venous and HOFA in milk format with silicone in lower extremities ischemic and/or neuropathic. There was a followup to 8 weeks, valuing through Fedpalla scale the evolution of the degree of deterioration of the skin integrity. Results: In general the sample evolved after 8 weeks of implementation of HOFA, since a grade II (poor prognosis of epithelization) to a grade IV (very good prognosis) of the scale Fedpalla. In 9 patients was measured the transcutaneous oxygen pressure at the beginning and the end of the study, rising 11.1 %. Conclusion: The HOFAs with silicone used have allowed the restoration of skin integrity in the majority of patients in a period of 56 days.Enfermerí

La crianza de animales domésticos de traspatio en las comunidades del lago de Atitlán, Guatemala The raising of backyard animals in communities of Lake Atitlan, Guatemala

El presente reporte de caso expone las prácticas de un grupo de mujeres de orígenes tz’utujil, kaqchikel y k’iche’, respecto a la crianza de animales de traspatio en la cuenca del Lago de Atitlán, Sololá, Guatemala. Lo anterior, es el resultado de observaciones de campo, realizadas por estudiantes de medicina veterinaria y zootecnia. Además, se presenta brevemente la experiencia de organizar, capacitar y asistir de manera técnica a un grupo 35 mujeres. Se reconoce que la crianza de animales de traspatio en los alrededores del Lago de Atitlán involucra pequeñas cantidades de gallinas (Gallus gallus) y cerdos (Sus scrofa), a los que se alimenta principalmente de maíz y de excedentes de comida del hogar. Los animales son albergados en refugios que se construyen con materiales locales de bajo costo y el tratamiento de las enfermedades se basa en la utilización de plantas. La medicina farmacológica y las vacunas son la segunda opción para atender las enfermedades. Se discuten las oportunidades que presenta la crianza de traspatio para mujeres de pueblos originarios en esta región y se propone a las epizootias como la principal amenaza de este medio de vida