2-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)-1-phenyl­ethanone

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C15H12N2O, the planar benzimidazole system is oriented at a dihedral angle of 80.43 (5)° with respect to the phenyl ring. In the crystal structure, non-classical inter­molecular C—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into layers parallel to the ab plane

1-[2-(4-Fluoro­benz­yloxy)-2-phenyl­ethyl]-1H-benzimidazole

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C22H19FN2O, contains two independent mol­ecules. The planar benzimidazole ring systems are oriented with respect to the phen­yl/fluoro­benzene rings at dihedral angles of 31.10 (4)/45.17 (5) and 45.52 (5)/68.63 (5)°, respectively, for the two mol­ecules. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular C—H⋯N and inter­molecular C—H⋯N and C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network. There are C—H⋯π contacts between the benzimidazole and fluoro­benzene rings and a π–π contact between the benzimidazole and phenyl ring systems [centroid–centroid distance = 4.575 (1) Å]

1-{2-Phenyl-2-[4-(trifluoro­meth­yl)­benzyl­oxy]eth­yl}-1H-benzimidazole

The asymmetric unit of the crystal structure of the title compound, C23H19F3N2O, contains two independent mol­ecules. In the two mol­ecules the planar benzimidazole ring systems are oriented with respect to the phen­yl/trifluoro­methyl­benzene rings at dihedral angles of 9.62 (6)/78.63 (7) and 2.53 (8)/83.83 (9)°. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into R 2 2(6) dimers. The mol­ecules are elongated along [001] and stacked along the b axis

1-[2-(3,4-Dichloro­benz­yloxy)-2-phenyl­ethyl]-1H-benzimidazole

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C22H18Cl2N2O, the planar benzimidazole ring system is oriented with respect to the phenyl and dichloro­benzene rings at dihedral angles of 12.73 (3) and 36.57 (4)°, respectively. The dihedral angle between the dichloro­benzene and phenyl rings is 29.95 (6)°. There are C—H⋯π contacts between the benzimidazole and dichloro­benzene rings, between the benzimidazole and phenyl rings, and between a methylene group and the dichlorobenzene ring

Association of hypermobility and ingrown nails

Ingrown nail (onychocryptosis) is a common condition with severe pain and various associated morbidities. Although some underlying factors are identified, its etiology remains largely unknown. Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) is a common entity with clinical features that might prone affected individuals to ingrown nails. Herein, we investigated the incidence of GJH in patients with ingrown nails to determine possible association between hypermobility and ingrown nail formation. Patients 16–50 years of age who were undergoing treatment for ingrown nails at the dermatology clinic were consecutively enrolled into the study. Patients with known rheumatic diseases or orthopedic foot disorders were excluded. All patients were in a pain-free period at the time of examination. The control group was comprised of age- and sex-matched healthy subjects without a history of ingrown nail. Assessment of GJH was made according to Beighton criteria. Local hypermobility was evaluated by measurement of range of motion using a goniometer. Thirty-nine patients (male/female, 17/22, mean age 31.9±11.3 years) and 32 healthy subjects (male/female 12/20, mean age 31.7± 10.4 years) were included. Patients with ingrown toe nails were more likely to have GJH compared to healthy subjects (35.9 vs. 9.4 %, p00.009). Toes with ingrown nails had significantly smaller maximum dorsiflexion angles (p< 0.001) compared to toes of healthy subjects. Ingrown nail formation may be associated with GJH. However, when examined locally, there is a limited range of motion in the affected toe rather than hypermobility, which could be due to the degenerative process facilitated by the hypermobility

2-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)-1-(2-fur­yl)ethanone O-ethyl­oxime

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C15H15N3O2, the planar benzimidazole ring system [maximum deviation = 0.023 (2) Å] is oriented at a dihedral angle of 74.21 (5)° with respect to the furan ring. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular C—H⋯N inter­actions link the mol­ecules into centrosymmetric R 2 2(18) dimers. In addition, the structure is stabilized by π–π contacts between parallel imidazole rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.726 (1) Å] and a weak C—H⋯π inter­action

2-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)-1-(2-furyl)ethanone O-propyloxime

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C16H17N3O2, the planar benzimidazole ring system [maximum deviation = 0.013 (1) Å] is oriented at a dihedral angle of 75.32 (4)° with respect to the furan ring. An intra­molecular C—H⋯O inter­action results in the formation of a planar six-membered ring [maximum deviation = 0.019 (15) Å], which is oriented at a dihedral angle of 1.91 (3)° with respect to the adjacent furan ring. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular C—H⋯N inter­actions link the mol­ecules into centrosymmetric R 2 2(18) dimers. In addition, the structure is stabilized by π–π contacts between the imidazole rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.5307 (8) Å] and weak C—H⋯π inter­actions

1-[2-(2,6-Dichloro­benz­yloxy)-2-(2-fur­yl)eth­yl]-1H-benzimidazole

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C20H16Cl2N2O2, the planar benzimidazole ring system is oriented with respect to the furan and dichloro­benzene rings at dihedral angles of 53.39 (6) and 31.04 (5)°, respectively. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into centrosymmetric R 2 2(8) dimers. These dimers are connected via a C—H⋯π contact between the benzimidazole and the furan rings, and π–π contacts between the benz­imidazole and dichloro­benzene ring systems [centroid–centroid distances = 3.505 (1), 3.567 (1), 3.505 (1) and 3.567 (1) Å]

Relationship Between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy

The negative effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are known. For these reasons, we aimed to investigate the effect of COPD on the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DRP) in patients with DM. Materials and Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included one-hundred and fifty-six eyes of 156 patients with COPD and DM. Multinomial logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the independent relationships between DRP and COPD, including adjusting for patients’ characteristics. Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, patients with low-level COPD were found to have less PDR and severe PDR. (RRR 0.01 95% CI 0.01-0.03, RRR 0.01 95% CI 0.01-0.08, respectively). Conclusion: The findings suggest an increased risk of DRP severity in patients with severe COPD. Ophthalmologists following these patients should consider the relationship between COPD and DRP

Alopesi areata, vitiligo ve sağlıklı kontrollerde otolog serum deri testi pozitifliği

Background and Design: Autologous serum skin test (ASST), the best in-vivo test displaying in vitro basophil histamin releasing activity, is used in the diagnosis of chronic autoimmune urticaria. Besides, it is cheap and is easy to perform. It has been found that in ASST-positive chronic urticaria patients, autoimmune thyroid disease especially and other autoimmune diseases were more common and the level of autoimmune markers were higher compared to others. Autoimmunity is accused in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata and vitiligo. In this study, we assessed ASST results in healthy controls and those with autoimmune diseases, and aimed to explore the effects of thyroid autoantibodies and other factors in ASST positivity. Materials and Methods: ASST was administered to 51 patients with alopecia areata, 53 patients with vitiligo and 51 healthy controls, and thyroid function tests and thyroid autoantibodies (anti-Tg, anti-TPO) were assessed. Results: ASST was positive in 64.7% of patients with in alopecia areata, 64.2% of those with vitiligo and in 45.1% of controls. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of ASST positivity. We observed that ASST positivity had no relationship with age, anti-Tg, anti-TPO and the presence of one or both autoantibody positivity. It was seen that the frequency of ASST positivity was higher in females than in men in all groups, but it was statistically significant in alopecia areata group only. Among the all study groups, the frequency of ASST positivity was statistically significantly higher in females than in men.Conclusion: The high rates of ASST positivity in individuals with alopecia areata and vitiligo as well as in healthy control, indicate that ASST positivity does not solely exist in chronic urticaria patients. With logical regression analysis, it was shown that, having alopecia areata and being female significantly increase the risk of having ASST positivity. Therefore, we assume that ASST positivity might indicate the autoimmune etiology for alopecia areata and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases in female gender