Effects of Carvacrol in an Experimentally Induced Esophageal Burn Model: Expression of VEGF and Caspase-3 Proteins

Introduction We investigated the therapeutic effects of carvacrol in an experimental esophageal burn rat model with immunohistochemical techniques. Materials and Methods: Three groups were included in this study, composed of eight Wistar albino rats each. The control group was given 1 mL 0.9% (wt/vol) NaCl; esophageal burns were induced in groups 2 and 3 by administration of 1 mL 40% NaOH in the distal 2 cm of the esophagus. The treatment group was administered 75 mg/kg carvacrol in 2 mL 0.9% NaCl for 10 days. After a routine histological examination of the tissues, sections were stained with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and caspase-3 for immunohistochemical analysis and were examined under a light microscope. Results: In the control group, there were regular cells in the cornified epithelial tissue and cylindrical cells in the basal layer, which faced toward the apical surface in the mitotic phase. The burn group displayed wide degeneration, necrosis, and abundant apoptotic cells in the epithelial tissue as well as intense inflammatory cell infiltration. In the treatment group, there was an increase in mitotic activity in the basal cells of the epithelial layer and degenerative changes, but a preserved epithelial layer and significant cornified structures. The treatment group showed positive caspase-3 expression in some apoptotic cells within the epithelial layer and in connective tissue, and there were only a small number of degenerated cells in the muscle layer. Additionally, in the treatment group, VEGF expression was evident in small numbers of inflammatory cells in the papillary region of the epithelium, and in dilated vascular endothelial cells. Conclusions: Carvacrol may contribute to a reduction in fibrosis by decreasing inflammation and preventing cell apoptosis

Wound Healing Properties, Antimicrobial And Antioxidant Activities Of Salvia Kronenburgii Rech. F. And Salvia Euphratica Montbret, Aucher & Rech. F. Var. Euphratica On Excision And Incision Wound Models In Diabetic Rats

PubMed ID: 30841440Diabetic patients suffer from persistent and non-healing wounds. Salvia species are traditionally used for the treatment of wounds and colds. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the in vivo wound healing potential, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the aerial parts of two endemic taxa, Salvia kronenburgii Rech. f. (SK) and Salvia euphratica Montbret, Aucher & Rech. f. var. euphratica (SE). Two different concentrations (0.5% and 1% (w/w)) of ethanol extracts were investigated in incision and excision wound models on Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using biomechanical, biochemical, histopathological, macroscopic, and genotoxic methods for 7 and 14 days. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Aeromonas hydrophila, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis using the broth microdilution and the resazurin microtiter assay plate methods. Fito ® , Ampicillin, Ethambutol, Isoniazid, and Fluconazole were used as reference drugs. Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of both extracts were detected using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, Folin-Ciocalteu, and Al(NO 3 ) 3 methods, respectively. SK ointment at 0.5% and 1% (w/w) concentrations and SE ointment at 1% (w/w) concentration showed 99.9%, 99.5%, and 99.7% contraction, respectively for excision wounds, and SK and SE ointments at 1% (w/w) concentration showed 99.4% and 99.2% contraction for incision wounds while Fito ® showed 98.9% and 98.5% contraction, respectively. Increased re-epithelialization (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001), angiogenesis, and decreased dermal inflammation (P < 0.001) were determined for SK and SE ointments at both 7 and 14 days. SE ointment on day 7 and SK ointment on day 14 reduced oxidative damage to DNA when compared to control (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001). Both tested plants had greater antibacterial activity against A. baumannii (62.5 ?g/mL MIC value) and SE had greater antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis (0.24 ?g/mL MIC value) when compared to reference drugs Ampicillin, Isoniazid, and Ethambutol (125, 0.97, and 1.95 ?g/mL MIC values, respectively). Antioxidant capacities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of SE and SK were 87.08%, 76.21 ?g GAE/mg, 43.43 ?g QE/mg and 72.17%, 41.81 ?g GAE/mg, 33.62 ?g QE/mg, respectively. SK and SE had strong wound healing effects while SK found to be more effective than SE at both 7 and 14 days. © 201

Effects of methanolic extract of Verbascum inulifolium Hub.-Mor. on incisional and excisional skin wounds in diabetic and non-diabetic rats

The genus Verbascum, commonly known as mullein, traditionally used in folk medicine, is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Verbascum inulifolium Hub.-Mor. (Scrophulariaceae), is an endemic species from Turkey. Here, we examined the healing effect of methanol extract of the aerial parts of V. inulifolium on incisional and excisional skin wounds in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Ointments of the extract were prepared in two concentrations (0.5 and 1% (w/w)) and applied topically on wound models once daily throughout for 7 and 14 days. During the experiments, wounds were visually observed, photographically documented and wound areas were measured. After 7 and 14 days treatments, animals were sacrificed and measurements of hydroxyproline level and biomechanical analysis were performed. Histopathology of the wound area was evaluated considering features of re-epithelialization, the granulation tissue thickness, angiogenesis, presence of inflammation, number of mast cells. Outcomes of this study revealed that the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of V. inulifolium enhances the healing process of skin tissue in both non-diabetic and diabetic wounds. The best wound healing activity was observed in incisional wound treated with 0.5% (w/w) concentrated ointment (99.7%) and in excisional wound treated with 1% (w/w) concentrated ointment (98.1%) on day 14 according to macroscopic results

Wound healing properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Salvia kronenburgii Rech. f. and Salvia euphratica Montbret, Aucher & Rech. f. var. euphratica on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats

Diabetic patients suffer from persistent and non-healing wounds. Salvia species are traditionally used for the treatment of wounds and colds. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the in vivo wound healing potential, in vivo antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the aerial parts of two endemic taxa, Salvia kronenburgii Rech. f. (SK) and Salvia euphratica Montbret, Aucher & Rech. f. var. euphratica (SE). Two different concentrations (0.5% and 1% (w/w)) of ethanol extracts were investigated in incision and excision wound models on Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using biomechanical, biochemical, histopathological, macroscopic, and genotoxic methods for 7 and 14 days. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Aeromonas hydrophila, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis using the broth microdilution and the resazurin microtiter assay plate methods. Fito (R), Ampicillin, Ethambutol, Isoniazid, and Fluconazole were used as reference drugs. Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of both extracts were detected using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, Folin-Ciocalteu, and Al(NO3)(3) methods, respectively. SK ointment at 0.5% and 1% (w/w) concentrations and SE ointment at 1% (w/w) concentration showed 99.9%, 99.5%, and 99.7% contraction, respectively for excision wounds, and SK and SE ointments at 1% (w/w) concentration showed 99.4% and 99.2% contraction for incision wounds while Fito (R) showed 98.9% and 98.5% contraction, respectively. Increased re-epithelialization (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001), angiogenesis, and decreased dermal inflammation (P < 0.001) were determined for SK and SE ointments at both 7 and 14 days. SE ointment on day 7 and SK ointment on day 14 reduced oxidative damage to DNA when compared to control (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001). Both tested plants had greater antibacterial activity against A. baumannii (62.5 mu g/mL MIC value) and SE had greater antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis (0.24 mu g/mL MIC value) when compared to reference drugs Ampicillin, Isoniazid, and Ethambutol (125, 0.97, and 1.95 mu g/mL MIC values, respectively). Antioxidant capacities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of SE and SK were 87.08%, 76.21 mu g GAE/mg, 43.43 mu g QE/mg and 72.17%, 41.81 mu g GAE/mg, 33.62 mu g QE/mg, respectively. SK and SE had strong wound healing effects while SK found to be more effective than SE at both 7 and 14 days

A histopathological comparison of prophylactic effects of Rosmarinic Acid and Oleanolic Acid isolated from Salvia species (sage) in scopolamine induced dementia model

Objective: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, can be created in experimental models by using toxins. Possible therapeutic effects of secondary metabolites Rosmarinic (RA) and Oleanolic acids (OA) obtained from Salvia species (sage) were investigated using histopathological and immunohistochemical tecniques in experimental Alzheimer's-like dementia model induced by scopolamine. Study Design: Male BALB/c mice (n: 48) of 3-4 weeks old, divided into 6 groups; control received only saline(i.p.) for 21 days, scopolamine group received 3 mg/kg of scopolamine (i.p.) between&nbsp; 8-21th days. Scopolamine + RA group received 5 mg/kg RA (i.p.)&nbsp; between days 0 and 21 and 3 mg/kg of scopolamine (i.p.) between 8-21th days. Scopolamine + OA group received 5 mg/kg of OA (i.p.) between days of&nbsp;&nbsp; 0-21 and 3 mg/kg of scopolamine (i.p.) between 8-21th days. RA group received 5 mg/kg RA (i.p.)&nbsp; between 0-21th days. OA group&nbsp;&nbsp; received 5 mg/kg of OA (i.p.) between 0-21th days. Animals were sacrificed under anesthesia, brain tissues were excised and placed in 10% formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin wax. 5 µm sections were cut, stained for histopathological examinations.&nbsp; Immunoreactivity for Beta-amyloid accumulation was observed. ImageJ&nbsp;&nbsp; 153 software was used to analyze IHC figures. Positive signaling for DAB density was calculated, ANOVA test with the post hoc dunnett's or tukey test were applied, p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In scopolamine+RA treated group, tissue degeneration was less compared to the scopolamine group. Scopolamine+OA group revealed signs of pyknosis in neurons. The amyloid beta immunoexpression was positive in scopolamine group partially positive in scopolamine+OA group but, negative in RA treated scopolamine group. Intensity of signal in scopolamine group was statistically increased compared to control (p=0.0102). Intensity of signal was reduced in Scopolamine+RA and Scopolamine+OA groups, was statistically significant (p=0.0281 and p=0.0362, respectively). Conclusion: We suggest that pretreatment of RA and OA decreased beta amyloid formation and ameliorated tissue structure but, further studies with different methods are needed to be commercially available. Keywords: Scopolamine, dementia, Rosmarinic acid, Oleanolic acid, histopathology, Amyloid bet