Degrees by Independent Learning: a case study of practice at Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand

This project constitutes a critical enquiry into the Independent Learning Pathway (ILP) approach to acquiring degrees offered by Otago Polytechnic in New Zealand. The ILP approach is for professionally experienced adults who are often poorly served by traditional taught approaches to achieving degree qualifications. These learners already have considerable degree-relevant knowledge and skill, yet this usually does not count as part of a taught degree, and these learners usually do not enrol in such degree programmes because they do not have the time to study within the typical delivery framework. The ILP approach provides equity of access for this group but is a significantly different learning process which challenges traditional conceptions of degree level learning and in turn is challenged as a valid approach by academics and regulatory agencies. Hence this study aims both to illuminate and validate the degree level learning which occurs in the ILP and to develop a model of practice for facilitators to assure the quality of this degree level learning. In pursuit of these aims I undertook, as a participant researcher, a work-based enquiry using an interpretive approach, drawing on the principles of grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss 1967), (Strauss and Corbin 2015). The project research phase commenced with an extensive survey sent to all (423) learners who studied with Capable NZ from 2006-2014, followed up with ten in-depth interviews with current learners, and eight interviews with facilitators of the ILP model. I captured the themes emerging from the feedback and analysis to identify clear signposts for both effective learning and effective facilitation in an independent learning context. This study has resulted in a (grounded) model of practice for the teachers, referred to in Capable NZ as facilitators, who guide ILP learners. This model of practice includes a competency framework, successful practice guidelines and practical learning tools. The study has also resulted in guidelines and learning tools for learners, and for both facilitators and learners the ‘SPRINGBOARD’ tool has been developed as a reflective framework for effective facilitation and learning respectively. Another key outcome of the study is the illumination and validation of the degree level learning which occurs through the ILP process

Magic formula optimisation in the South African Market

The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of the value investing strategy commonly referred to as the "Magic Formula", which was first introduced by Greenblatt (2006) and uses the return on capital and earning yield ratios as the basis for stock selection, in the South African market. The study will build on the work previously performed by Howard (2015) by challenging the "Magic Formula" portfolio composition assumptions. In doing so, optimal combinations of holding period and portfolio size which: maximise the geometric mean return, minimise the volatility of returns and maximise the risk adjusted return, shall be determined. The scope of this study includes all companies, excluding financial services entities, listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, which exceed a market capitalisation of R 100 million, for the period 1 October 2005 to 30 September 2015. The results showed that by adjusting certain portfolio parameters the overall performance of the "Magic Formula" on both a geometric mean and risk adjusted basis can be increased. However, the "Magic Formula" still provides an insufficient amount of evidence to conclude, on a statistically significant basis, an outperformance of the investment strategy relative to the Johannesburg Stock Exchange All Share Index. Accordingly, the study makes several contributions to the literature. Firstly, it provides direct evidence of the relationship between value investing portfolio composition and the returns generated, indicating that excess returns can be achieved when the portfolio composition is adjusted. Secondly, albeit not on

Determination of the critical stages of processing and tolerance limits for Harmonia axyridis for ‘ladybug taint’ in wine

'Ladybug taint’ (LBT) has recently been reported in some wines from North America, and is associated with 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IPMP), produced by Harmonia axyridis Pallas (the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle - MALB) when they are incorporated into the winemaking process. It is not known when IPMP is transferred from MALB (e.g. in the vineyard onto grapes or during must processing) nor what minimum MALB densities are required for production of LBT in the final wines. This study sought to clarify these issues through a series of three trials. In the first, MALB were added to 'Riesling' grapes or must at different stages of processing (harvest, crush/destem, pressing or directly to juice), and the resultant wines were analysed chemically and by paired-comparison sensory difference tests.The presence of MALB during processing had minimal effect on the basic composition and spectral properties of the wine. Concentrations of IPMP were < 5 ng·l-1 for all wines except those produced after the direct addition of MALB to the juice (10.3 ng·l-1). Sensorially, control wines (no added MALB) could be differentiated from wines made after MALB were added at crushing/destemming (at 3 beetles per kg grapes), whole bunch pressing and when added directly into the juice, but not when MALB were added and subsequently removed from a simulated harvest treatment or when added during crushing/destemming at 0.3 beetles per kg grapes. In trials 2 and 3, sensory detection thresholds for LBT were determined for white and red wines produced with known densities of MALB. Estimates of ‘tolerance limits’ in the vineyard were then calculated using regression models, and correspond to 1530 and 1260 beetles per t grapes for white and red wines respectively. However, given the range of grape and wine processing options available to producers, many of which are not accounted for in this study, we recommend that a more conservative limit of 200-400 beetles per t grapes may be appropriate. These results should assist in directing appropriate interventions in the vineyard/winery, and provide baseline targets for reducing MALB density to avoid development of LBT.

Regulation of calcium homeostasis in activated human neutrophils - potential targets for anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies

Objectives. The objectives of the current study were to: (i) present an integrated model for the restoration of calcium homeostasis in activated human neutrophils based on current knowledge and recent research; and (ii) identify potential targets for the modulation of calcium fluxes in activated neutrophils based on this model and to investigate the effects of intracellular probes which target key processes involved in calcium homeostasis and pro-inflammatory activity in these cells. Design and setting. Laboratory-based experimental research using purified human neutrophils from healthy, adult human volunteers. Outcome measures. Calcium metabolism and pro-inflammatory activity of neutrophils. Results. Modulation of calcium fluxes in activated human neutrophils can be achieved by cAMP-dependent upregulation of the activity of the endomembrane Ca2+-ATPase which resequesters cytosolic Ca2+. Formoterol, a long-acting b2-agonist, elevates intracellular cAMP levels, accelerates Ca2+ restoration in activated neutrophils and downregulates the pro-inflammatory responses of these cells. Alterations in the membrane potential of activated neutrophils may play a role in regulating calcium reuptake into the cells as attenuation of the membrane depolarisation response is associated with accelerated calcium influx. Conclusions. Modulation of the activity of the endomembrane Ca2+-ATPase in human neutrophils represents an important target for anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies, while new insights into the role played by membrane depolarisation in regulating calcium fluxes in these cells may also facilitate development of novel anti-inflammatory agents directed against neutrophils. (South African Medical Journal: 2002 92(12): 990-996

Post-Mortem Echocardiography as a Guide to Cardiac Autopsy—A Worthwhile Concept?

Sudden and unexpected death in the young is a common and worldwide problem. Sudden, unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), clinically unexpected death in an infant between one week and one year of age, affects around 1 in 1000 infants. Autopsy will reveal a specific cause of death in only one third of cases. This has led to various ancillary examinations in an effort to increase the diagnostic yield of the autopsy

Subendocardial Fibrosis in Left Ventricular Hypertrabeculation-Cause or Consequence?

Left ventricular noncompaction has been classified as a primary cardiomyopathy with a genetic origin. This condition is morphologically characterized by a thickened, two-layered myocardium with numerous prominent trabeculations and deep, intertrabecular recesses. Recently, it has become clear that these pathological characteristics extend across a continuum with left ventricular hypertrabeculation at one end of the spectrum

Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola virus disease.

Dehydration is an important cause of death in patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). Parenteral fluids are often required in patients with fluid requirements in excess of their oral intake. The peripheral intravenous route is the most commonly used method of parenteral access, but inserting and maintaining an intravenous line can be challenging in the context of EVD. Therefore it is important to consider the advantages and disadvantages of different routes for achieving parenteral access (e.g. intravenous, intraosseous, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal). To compare the reliability, ease of use and speed of insertion of different parenteral access methods. We ran the search on 17 November 2014. We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group's Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library), Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily, Ovid MEDLINE(R) and Ovid OLDMEDLINE(R), Embase Classic + Embase (OvidSP), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), clinicaltrials.gov and screened reference lists. Randomised controlled trials comparing different parenteral routes for the infusion of fluids or medication. Two review authors examined the titles and abstracts of records obtained by searching the electronic databases to determine eligibility. Two review authors extracted data from the included trials and assessed the risk of bias. Outcome measures of interest were success of insertion; time required for insertion; number of insertion attempts; number of dislodgements; time period with functional access; local site reactions; clinicians' perception of ease of administration; needlestick injury to healthcare workers; patients' discomfort; and mortality. For trials involving the administration of fluids we also collected data on the volume of fluid infused, changes in serum electrolytes and markers of renal function. We rated the quality of the evidence as 'high', 'moderate', 'low' or 'very low' according to the GRADE approach for the following outcomes: success of insertion, time required for insertion, number of dislodgements, volume of fluid infused and needlestick injuries. We included 17 trials involving 885 participants. Parenteral access was used to infuse fluids in 11 trials and medications in six trials. None of the trials involved patients with EVD. Intravenous and intraosseous access was compared in four trials; intravenous and subcutaneous access in 11; peripheral intravenous and intraperitoneal access in one; saphenous vein cutdown and intraosseous access in one; and intraperitoneal with subcutaneous access in one. All of the trials assessing the intravenous method involved peripheral intravenous access.We judged few trials to be at low risk of bias for any of the assessed domains.Compared to the intraosseous group, patients in the intravenous group were more likely to experience an insertion failure (risk ratio (RR) 3.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.39 to 6.33; n = 242; GRADE rating: low). We did not pool data for time to insertion but estimates from the trials suggest that inserting intravenous access takes longer (GRADE rating: moderate). Clinicians judged the intravenous route to be easier to insert (RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.61; n = 182). A larger volume of fluids was infused via the intravenous route (GRADE rating: moderate). There was no evidence of a difference between the two routes for any other outcomes, including adverse events.Compared to the subcutaneous group, patients in the intravenous group were more likely to experience an insertion failure (RR 14.79, 95% CI 2.87 to 76.08; n = 238; GRADE rating: moderate) and dislodgement of the device (RR 3.78, 95% CI 1.16 to 12.34; n = 67; GRADE rating: low). Clinicians also judged the intravenous route as being more difficult to insert and patients were more likely to be agitated in the intravenous group. Patients in the intravenous group were more likely to develop a local infection and phlebitis, but were less likely to develop erythema, oedema or swelling than those in the subcutaneous group. A larger volume of fluids was infused into patients via the intravenous route. There was no evidence of a difference between the two routes for any other outcome.There were insufficient data to reliably determine if the risk of insertion failure differed between the saphenous vein cutdown (SVC) and intraosseous method (RR 4.00, 95% CI 0.51 to 31.13; GRADE rating: low). Insertion using SVC took longer than the intraosseous method (MD 219.60 seconds, 95% CI 135.44 to 303.76; GRADE rating: moderate). There were no data and therefore there was no evidence of a difference between the two routes for any other outcome.There were insufficient data to reliably determine the relative effects of intraperitoneal or central intravenous access relative to any other parenteral access method. There are several different ways of achieving parenteral access in patients who are unable meet their fluid requirements with oral intake alone. The quality of the evidence, as assessed using the GRADE criteria, is somewhat limited because of the lack of adequately powered trials at low risk of bias. However, we believe that there is sufficient evidence to draw the following conclusions: if peripheral intravenous access can be achieved easily, this allows infusion of larger volumes of fluid than other routes; but if this is not possible, the intraosseous and subcutaneous routes are viable alternatives. The subcutaneous route may be suitable for patients who are not severely dehydrated but in whom ongoing fluid losses cannot be met by oral intake.A film to accompany this review can be viewed here (http://youtu.be/ArVPzkf93ng)

Biomechanical Analysis of Posterior Open-Wedge Osteotomy and Glenoid Concavity Reconstruction Using an Implant-Free, J-Shaped Iliac Crest Bone Graft

BACKGROUND Posterior open-wedge osteotomy and glenoid reconstruction using a J-shaped iliac crest bone graft showed promising clinical results for the treatment of posterior instability with excessive glenoid retroversion and posteroinferior glenoid deficiency. PURPOSE To evaluate the biomechanical performance of the posterior J-shaped graft to restore glenoid retroversion and posteroinferior deficiency in a cadaveric shoulder instability model. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A posterior glenoid open-wedge osteotomy was performed in 6 fresh-frozen shoulders, allowing the glenoid retroversion to be set at 0°, 10°, and 20°. At each of these 3 preset angles of glenoid retroversion, the following conditions were simulated: (1) intact joint, (2) posterior Bankart lesion, (3) 20% posteroinferior glenoid deficiency, and (4) posterior J-shaped graft (at 0° of retroversion). With the humerus in the Jerk position (60° of glenohumeral anteflexion, 60° of internal rotation), stability was evaluated by measuring posterior humeral head (HH) translation (in mm) and peak translational force (in N) to translate the HH over 25% of the glenoid width. Glenohumeral contact patterns were measured using pressure-sensitive sensors. Fixation of the posterior J-graft was analyzed by recording graft micromovements during 3000 cycles of 5-mm anteroposterior HH translations. RESULTS Reconstructing the glenoid with a posterior J-graft to 0° of retroversion significantly increased stability compared with a posterior Bankart lesion and posteroinferior glenoid deficiency in all 3 preset degrees of retroversion (P < .05). There was no significant difference in joint stability comparing the posterior J-graft with an intact joint at 0° of retroversion. The posterior J-graft restored mean contact area and contact pressure comparable with that of the intact condition with 0° of retroversion (222 vs 223 mm$^{2}$, P = .980; and 0.450 vs 0.550 MPa, P = .203). The mean total graft displacement after 3000 cycles of loading was 43 ± 84 µm, and the mean maximal mediolateral graft bending was 508 ± 488 µm. CONCLUSION Biomechanical analysis of the posterior J-graft demonstrated reliable restoration of initial glenohumeral joint stability, normalization of contact patterns comparable with that of an intact shoulder joint with neutral retroversion, and secure initial graft fixation in the cadaveric model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study confirms that the posterior J-graft can restore stability and glenohumeral loading conditions comparable with those of an intact shoulder

Solos ferruginosos em áreas de canga, sinclinal do gandarela, quadrilátero ferrífero (MG).

O presente trabalho visa contribuir na caracterização de solos relacionados a áreas de canga (ferricrete, ironstone) no Quadrilátero Ferrífero (Minas Gerais, Brasil), para melhor entendimento sobre seus processos de gênese e da dinâmica ambiental desses ecossistemas. A Sinclinal do Gandarela abriga as maiores extensões de canga e ecossistemas relacionados preservados em Minas Gerais, e constitui importante local de recarga dos mananciais que abastecem a Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Foram descritos, coletados e analisados 6 perfis de solo, sob diferentes fitofisionomias, ocorrendo numa sequência de topos da serra do Gandarela, sobre a mesma litologia (itabiritos da Fm. Cauê - Gr. Itabira). Em laboratório foi separada a fração terra fina (< 2 mm) e quantificados a composição granulométrica, pH em água, complexo sortivo, carbono orgânico, e óxidos de ferro, alumínio e silício pelo ataque sulfúrico. Todos os solos estudados são argilosos, de cores vermelhas, com teores muito elevados de óxidos de ferro indicados pelo ataque sulfúrico, distróficos ou álicos, com altos teores de carbono orgânico, e ocorrência expressiva de concreções ferruginosas na fração grosseira, em geral em proporção superior a 50% em volume. A matéria orgânica constitui elemento chave na manutenção e ciclagem de nutrientes nos ecossistemas relacionados aos solos estudados. Todos os solos estudados são classificados como Oxisols pela Soil Taxonomy, mas de acordo com o Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos, alguns enquadram-se como Latossolos e outros como Plintossolos. O enquadramento taxonômico segundo critérios atuais do SiBCS restringe sua utilização como estraficador ambiental na realidade estudada

Translocate, to fund or not to fund : challenges in funding an emerging market start-up

SUBJECT AREA : Financial management – Specifically start-up valuations. STUDY LEVEL/APPLICABILITY : Honours or masters level (professional or academic). CASE OVERVIEW : The case is around a tech start-up in the informal transport market in South Africa, that has obtained some government funding and developed a working SaaS. However, requires funding to expand and grow. Informal transport is significant in emerging and developing markets and the product is portable internationally. In South Africa, two listed companies (US and SA) were started with similar concepts in Logistics and private client market and are now global in 124 and 24 countries. Management of the venture capital firm are senior and experienced and have invested years and funding into this company, and while willing to offer equity had quite a high value in mind, the venture capital company (with an impact mandate) needs to decide whether to fund the start-up and negotiate a value. EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES : Characteristics of a successful start-up are formulating an appropriate discount rate, using real world data; performing a DCF and relative valuations given limited information; scenario analysis and sensitivity analysis; and the importance of negotiating (understanding managements side). COMPLEXITY ACADEMIC LEVEL : This case was written for use in financial management classes in either an academic full-time student (final year undergraduate/bachelor) or a postgraduate program with working students/professional (MBA) program level. SUBJECT CODE : CSS: 1: Accounting and finance.https://www.emerald.com/insight/browse/case-studies?collections=EEMCShj2022Financial Managemen