Optimal concentration of organic solvents to be used in the broth microdilution method to determine the antimicrobial activity of natural products against Paenibacillus larvae

American Foulbrood (AFB) is a bacterial disease, caused by Paenibacillus larvae, that affects honeybees (Apis mellifera). Alternative strategies to control AFB are based on the treatment of the beehives with antimicrobial natural substances such as extracts, essential oils and/or pure compounds from plants, honey by-products, bacteria and moulds. The broth microdilution method is currently one of the most widely used methods to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of a substance. In this regard, the fact that most natural products, due to their lipophilic nature, must be dissolved in organic solvents or their aqueous mixtures is an issue of major concern because the organic solvent becomes part of the dilution in the incubation medium, and therefore, can interfere with bacterial viability depending on its nature and concentration. A systematic study was carried out to determine by the broth microdilution method the MIC and the maximum non inhibitory concentration (MNIC) against P. larvae of the most common organic solvents used to extract or dissolve natural products, i.e. ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile, n-butanol, dimethylsulfoxide, and acidified hydromethanolic solutions. From the MIC and MNIC for each organic solvent, recommended maximum concentrations in contact with P. larvae were established: DMSO 5% (v/v), acetonitrile 7.5% (v/v), ethanol 7.5% (v/v), methanol 12% (v/v), n-butanol 1% (v/v), and methanol-water-acetic acid (1.25:98.71:0.04, v/v/v).Fil: Cugnata, Noelia Melina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Guaspari, Elisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Pellegrini, María Celeste. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Fuselli, Sandra Rosa. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Alonso Salces, Rosa Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; Argentin

A potential role of tannins in the control of American Foulbrood

Aim of study: to evaluate the use of tannins extracts in the control of the American Foulbroodpathology; and investigated if these extracts present levels of toxicity on Apis melliferaArea of study: Paenibacillus larvae Strains C1 and C2 were from Balcarce, province ofBuenos Aires (37°52?S-58°15?W), strain C6 from Rio Cuarto, in Cordoba province(33°08′00″S 64°21′00″O) and strain C9 from Concordia in Entre Rios province(31°23′32″S 58°01′01″O). Bees larvae used for toxicological assays were collected in SantaPaula experimental apiary, Mar del Plata (National Route 226, Km 10, Argentina)(37°55′48″S 57°40′59″O), belonging to the Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS- IIPROSAM) from UNMdP.Material and methods: The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 5 different tanninextracts were obtained by agar diffusion method on four P. larvae strains; using the MICvalue, the toxicity test on Apis mellifera larvae was performed afterwards.Main results: The MIC value presented a range of 6.9 to 898.6 µg/mL; and three tanninextracts do not present toxicity against bee larvae. Once the test was finished, the larvae fedwith the extracts that did not show toxicity, showed a significant increase in weight. Research highlights: The tanning extracts show a good antimicrobial activity against bee larvae.Fil: Giménez Martínez, Pablo Darian. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; ArgentinaFil: Maggi, Matías Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; ArgentinaFil: Fuselli, Sandra Rosa. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; Argentin

Inhibitory action of essential oils against proteases activity of Paenibacillus larvae, the etiological agent of American Foulbrood disease

American foulbrood (AFB) is a disease affecting the larva of Apis mellifera. The etiological agent is Paenibacillus larvae, which releases metalloproteases involved in the degradation of larval tissues. Through quorum sensing (QS) mechanism, bacteria are able to activate specific genes such as virulence factors. The exoproteases regulation of P. larvae could be associated with QS. A promising mechanism of AFB control is to block QS mechanism with essential oils (EO). The aim of this study was to investigate the potential presence of QS signals in the regulation of P. larvae proteases and the effect of seven EOs on the exoproteases activity of P. larvae. From growth curves and evaluation of the presence of proteases by milk agar plates assay, it was observed protease activity during the late exponential phase of growth. Early production of protease activity (15 hours earlier than control) was observed when a low density culture was incubated with late exponential spent medium (SM) suggesting the presence of factor(s) inducing this activity. SM was obtained by the ultrafiltration of P. larvae cultures on late growth phase and was free of proteases. Proteolytic activity was quantified on P. larvae cultures in presence of sublethal concentration of EO by azocasein method. The EOs, except S. chilensis EO, reduced significantly protease activity (more than 50%). We report for the first time evidence on the possible role of QS on P. larvae and the antiproteolytic activity of EOs (except for S. chilensis) on exoproteases, an interesting therapeutic strategy to control AFB

Prevention and Control of American Foulbrood in South America with Essential Oils: Review

American foulbrood (AFB) is the most severe bacterial disease that affects honey bees, having a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. AFB’s causative agent is Paenibacillus larvae. AFB kills infected honey bee larvae; however, it eventually leads to the collapse of the entire colony when left untreated. The infection takes place by the ingestion of the spores with the food provided by adult worker bees to the larvae. In South America (SA) the disease was first described in 1989 in Argentina, constituting the first sanitary challenge for beekeepers to overcome. Prevention and control measures of AFB in SA countries generally include vigilance for early diagnosis, isolation of apiaries with cases of AFB, and multiplication of healthy colonies with hygienic queens, among others. The extensive use of tetracycline hydrochloride in Argentina has led to the development of resistant P. larvae isolates. In this context, the development of alternative and effective methods for the control and prevention of AFB disease is crucial. Currently, alternative strategies for the prevention and treatment of AFB are being studied, mainly based on essential oils

Immune-related gene expression in honey bee larva (Apis mellifera) exposed to plant extracts from Humulus lupulus with antimicrobial activity against Paenibacillus larvae

American foulbrood caused by Paenibacillus larvae brings with it several problems on beekeepers for the use of synthetic antibiotics, likewise led to the appearance of resistant strains and the presence of chemical residues in the commercial products of the hive. In recent years, the use of natural compounds for the control of P. larvae has increased. Herein, we propose to determine the value of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of a hydroalcoholic extract of Humulus lupulus (hop) leaves of Victoria variety on P. larvae strain, and to evaluate its toxicity and effect on the expression of three genes of the immune system on honey bee larvae. For the extract, the MIC value was 83.79 μg/mL. For larvae, the extract did not show toxicity, on the other hand presented a down-regulation in the gene expression for the three genes evaluated. The results obtained here are a first report on the evaluation in the effect of natural extracts on the expression of genes related to the immune system in bee larvae.Fil: Giménez Martínez, Pablo Darian. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; ArgentinaFil: Zuñiga, Fabian. Universidad del Desarrollo; ChileFil: Junges, Celina Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Maggi, Matías Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; ArgentinaFil: Fuselli, Sandra Rosa. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; ArgentinaFil: Martínez, Jessica. Universidad del Desarrollo; Chil

Honeys from the Argentine Phytogeographic Provinces Chaqueña and Monte in Catamarca and La Rioja

The characterization of Argentinean honeys from the vegetation units (VUs) of the phytogeographical provinces located in Catamarca and La Rioja was performed with the analysis used for honey quality control: sugar profile, free acidity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), color and contents of moisture, ash, total soluble solids, and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Honeys were authentic and traceable, and complied with the specifications of national and/or international standards, verifying their blossom origin, high quality, good maturity, and freshness. Honeys from VU-9 and VU-23 presented significantly distinctive physicochemical parameters, evidencing the influence of the flora and pedoclimatic conditions of these VUs. Honeys from VU-23 presented significantly higher contents of glucose and total reducing sugars (F + G), and lower EC, ash contents, fructose/glucose ratio, and concentrations of turanose and maltose than those from VU-9. Honeys from VU-23 in La Rioja also exhibited characteristic lighter colors and lower pH and ºBrix values and turanose amounts; and honeys from VU-9 in La Rioja exhibited highest pH values. Catamarca honeys were characterized by high free acidity and high amounts of turanose, regardless of the VUs. The contents of sugars and total soluble solids, moisture, pH, EC, and color of honeys from Catamarca and La Rioja are published here for the first time. This study contributes to the typification of honeys from these provinces, which will provide them an added value and allow them to access newer markets.Fil: Poliero, Aimará Ayelen. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería en Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Aubone, Ines. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Amadei Enghelmayer, Marisa. Nexco, S.a.; ArgentinaFil: Rosso, Valeria Soledad. Nexco, S.a.; ArgentinaFil: Fuselli, Sandra Rosa. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones en Sanidad Producción y Ambiente. - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Sanidad Producción y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Alonso Salces, Rosa Maria. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; Argentin

Vibrational Spectroscopy Coupled to a Multivariate Analysis Tiered Approach for Argentinean Honey Provenance Confirmation

In the present work, the provenance discrimination of Argentinian honeys was used as case study to compare the capabilities of three spectroscopic techniques as fast screening platforms for honey authentication purposes. Multifloral honeys were collected among three main honey-producing regions of Argentina over four harvesting seasons. Each sample was fingerprinted by FT-MIR, NIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The spectroscopic platforms were compared on the basis of the classification performance achieved under a supervised chemometric approach. Furthermore, low- mid- and high-level data fusion were attempted in order to enhance the classification results. Finally, the best-performing solution underwent to SIMCA modelling with the purpose of reproducing a food authentication scenario. All the developed classification models underwent to a “year-by-year” validation strategy, enabling a sound assessment of their long-term robustness and excluding any issue of model overfitting. Excellent classification scores were achieved by all the technologies and nearly perfect classification was provided by FT-MIR. All the data fusion strategies provided satisfying outcomes, with the mid- and high-level approaches outperforming the low-level data fusion. However, no significant advantage over the FT-MIR alone was obtained. SIMCA modelling of FT-MIR data produced highly sensitive and specific models and an overall prediction ability improvement was achieved when more harvesting seasons were used for the model calibration (86.7% sensitivity and 91.1% specificity). The results obtained in the present work suggested the major potential of FT-MIR for fingerprinting-based honey authentication and demonstrated that accuracy levels that may be commercially useful can be reached. On the other hand, the combination of multiple vibrational spectroscopic fingerprints represents a choice that should be carefully evaluated from a cost/benefit standpoint within the industrial context.Fil: Damiani, Tito. Universita Degli Studi Di Parma. Departamento de Alimentos y Drogas; ItaliaFil: Alonso Salces, Rosa Maria. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Aubone, Inés. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Baeten, Vincent. Walloon Agricultural Research Centre; BélgicaFil: Arnould, Quentin. Walloon Agricultural Research Centre; BélgicaFil: Dall'Asta, Chiara. Universita Degli Studi Di Parma. Departamento de Alimentos y Drogas; ItaliaFil: Fuselli, Sandra Rosa. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Pierna, Juan Antonio. Walloon Agricultural Research Centre; Bélgic

Characterization of Argentinian Honeys Based on their Sugar Profiles and Quality Parameters

The honeys from the Argentinian provinces of Buenos Aires, La Rioja,Catamarca and Misiones were characterised by the sugar profile (fructose, glucose,sucrose, turanose, maltose and erlose) and the physicochemical parameters (freeacidity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), colour and contents of moisture, ash,total soluble solids and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)) used for honey qualitycontrol. Authentic and traceable honey samples (n = 572) collected along fiveharvests were analysed using the official analytical methods. All honeys met thespecifications of the national and/or international standards for the evaluatedparameters, which denoted the blossom origin of most honeys, and confirmedtheir high quality, good maturity and freshness. The influence of the flora andthe pedoclimatic conditions of each phytogeographical region on the physicaland chemical properties of honey allowed its characterization. Thus, BuenosAires produced typical lighter honeys, and Misiones and Catamarca, darker ones.Buenos Aires honeys presented particular lower values of pH, EC, ash, HMF andmaltose, and higher concentrations of erlose. Misiones honeys exhibited highervalues of moisture, free acidity, EC and turanose amounts, and lower contentsof fructose, glucose and total soluble solids. La Rioja honeys showed higherpH and ºBrix values; and Catamarca honeys, higher sucrose contents. To theauthors? knowledge, the sugar profiles and several quality parameters of honeysfrom Misiones and Catamarca are here reported for the first time, as well as anyphysical and chemical data on La Rioja honeys.Fil: Poliero, Aimará Ayelen. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Aubone, Ines. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Amadei Enghelmayer, Marisa. No especifíca;Fil: Rosso, Valeria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Müller, Pablo Fernando. Instituto Nuestra Señora de Itatí. Profesorado en Ciencias Agrarias y Protección Ambiental; ArgentinaFil: Fuselli, Sandra Rosa. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Alonso Salces, Rosa Maria. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; Argentin

Physicochemical Characterization and Sugar Profile of Argentinian Honeys From the Phytogeographic Provinces Paranaense and Pampeana in Misiones

The characterization of honeys from the Biomes and vegetation units of the Phytogeographical Provinces (PP) located in the Province of Misiones (Argentina) was performed by analysis of sugar profile and physicochemical parameters (Free Acidity, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), colour and contents of moisture, ash, total soluble solids and hydroxymethylfurfural) used for quality control of honey. The honeys analysed were authentic and traceable, and met the specifications of the national and/or international standards for the evaluated parameters, denoting blossom origin and confirming high quality, maturity and freshness. The influence of biome and Vegetation Units (VU) on physical and chemical parameters of the studied honeys was defined regarding both flora and pedoclimatic conditions. Honeys from VU-27 presented significantly higher contents of fructose, ash and total soluble solids, pH and EC and lower moisture content than those from VU-3. To the authors’ best knowledge, sugar profiles, free acidity and contents of ash and total soluble solids in honeys from the different PPs, vegetation units and Biomes of Misiones are reported for the first time. This study contributes to the classification of honeys from Misiones, helping to increase added value and access new markets.Fil: Poliero, Aimará Ayelen. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Aubone, Ines. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Amadei Enghelmayer, Marisa. No especifíca;Fil: Rosso, Valeria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Müller, P. F.. No especifíca;Fil: Fuselli, Sandra Rosa. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Alonso Salces, Rosa Maria. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; Argentin

Beekeeping as a strategy for environmental management in the basin Guaremal reservoir, municipality Peña, Yaracuy, Venezuela

El objetivo del presente estudio fue proponer estrategias de gestión ambiental para la recuperación de la cuenca del embalse Guaremal mediante el desarrollo de sistemas apícolas. Se realizó un relevamiento florístico alrededor de la cuenca tomando en consideración las especies visitadas por las abejas. Se determinaron las especies melíferas más abundantes de la zona en un área mínima de 0,10 ha definida en 7 transectos de 4m de ancho x 50m de largo, distribuidos a lo largo de toda la cuenca. La superficie fue dividida en tres zonas: baja (transectos 1 y 2), media (transectos 3, 4 y 5) y alta (transectos 6 y 7). Se estableció la densidad absoluta y relativa de cada especie vegetal dentro de cada transecto y entre todos los transectos. Se determinó la composición de la flora en la cuenca del embalse Guaremal, constituida por 77 especies de interés apícola, representadas en 40 familias, siendo las más predominantes: Compositae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae, Euphorbiaceae y Urticaceae. La aparición de una especie apibotánica colonizadora, Wedelia caracasana, reveló un fuerte impacto antrópico negativo. Se proponen varias acciones correctivas, entre ellas el desarrollo de la Apicultura como estrategia de gestión ambiental para la recuperación de la cuenca del embalse Guaremal.The aim of this study was to propose different environmental management strategies for the recovery of the Guaremal Reservoir basin area, by developing beekeeping systems. A floristic screening was done around the Guaremal basin area taking into account the species visited by the bees. In order to determine the most abundant honey species of the region, a minimal area of 0.10 ha was established, defined by seven transects of 4m width by 50m long, laid out along the basin. The surface was also divided in three different zones: low (transects 1 and 2), medium (transects 3, 4 and 5) and high (transects 6 and 7). Absolute and relative plant species density was determined within each transect and among all of the transects. Floral composition in the Guaremal Reservoir basin area was registered and it consists of 77 species of beekeeping interest, represented by 40 different families, being the predominant ones Compositae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Urticaceae. The appearance of a certain apibotanic plant species Wedelia. caracasana evealed a strongly negative anthropic effect. Several corrective actions were proposed, such as beekeeping activities as possible environmental control strategies, for the recovery of the Guaremal reservoir basin area.Fil: Barrios, Carlos. Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado. Decanato de Ciencias Veterinarias. Estación de Apicultura; Venezuela;Fil: Morales, Yoel. Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos “Ezequiel Zamora”; Venezuela;Fil: Cugnata, Noelia Melina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Artrópodos; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Mar del Plata; Argentina;Fil: de Piano, Fiorella Giselle. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Apicultura; Argentina; Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Mar del Plata; Argentina;Fil: Fuselli, Sandra Rosa. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Artrópodos; Argentina; Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Mar del Plata; Argentina;Fil: Maggi, Matías Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Artrópodos; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Mar del Plata; Argentina;Fil: Melo, Hugo M.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria; Argentina;Fil: Principal, Judith. Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado. Decanato de Ciencias Veterinarias. Estación de Apicultura; Venezuela