Avaliação de defeitos em revestimentos metálicos aspergidos /térmicamente por arco elétrico em substratos de geometrias distintas Evaluation of defects in metallic coatings sprayed thermically by electric arc in substrates of different geometries

Revestimentos obtidos por aspersão térmica (AT) podem ser utilizados na proteção de componentes da indústria que atuam sob condições severas de abrasão, impacto de partículas e corrosão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a quantidade de defeitos (poros e trincas) de dois revestimentos metálicos obtidos pela técnica de AT por arco elétrico (Ligas A e B) aplicados sobre duas geometrias de substratos distintas, chapas e tubos. Os tubos revestidos permaneceram expostos às condições reais de trabalho em uma caldeira de central termelétrica movida à carvão mineral pelo período de um ano. Foram utilizadas técnicas de microscopia óptica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), análise química semi-quantitativa por Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) e análise e processamento digital de imagens (PDI). Após exposição dos tubos em campo, a elevada rugosidade de superfície característica do processo de AT, foi reduzida. Os resultados revelaram maior percentual de trincas e poros nos revestimentos dos tubos (7,6% e 14,9% paras as ligas A e B, respectivamente) em relação às chapas (5,0% e 5,6% paras as ligas A e B, respectivamente)

A social and ecological assessment of tropical land uses at multiple scales: the Sustainable Amazon Network

Science has a critical role to play in guiding more sustainable development trajectories. Here, we present the Sustainable Amazon Network (Rede Amazonia Sustentavel, RAS): a multidisciplinary research initiative involving more than 30 partner organizations working to assess both social and ecological dimensions of land-use sustainability in eastern Brazilian Amazonia. The research approach adopted by RAS offers three advantages for addressing land-use sustainability problems: (i) the collection of synchronized and co-located ecological and socioeconomic data across broad gradients of past and present human use; (ii) a nested sampling design to aid comparison of ecological and socioeconomic conditions associated with different land uses across local, landscape and regional scales; and (iii) a strong engagement with a wide variety of actors and non-research institutions. Here, we elaborate on these key features, and identify the ways in which RAS can help in highlighting those problems in most urgent need of attention, and in guiding improvements in land-use sustainability in Amazonia and elsewhere in the tropics. We also discuss some of the practical lessons, limitations and realities faced during the development of the RAS initiative so far.Keywords: Social–ecological systems, Tropical forests, Land use, Interdisciplinary research, Sustainability, Trade-off

High temperature degradation in power plants and refineries

Thermal power plants and refineries around the world share many of the same problems, namely aging equipment, high costs of replacement, and the need to produce more efficiently while being increasingly concerned with issues of safety and reliability. For equipment operating at high temperature, there are many different mechanisms of degradation, some of which interact, and the rate of accumulation of damage is not simple to predict. The paper discusses the mechanisms of degradation at high temperature and methods of assessment of such damage and of the remaining safe life for operation

Modulating in vitro digestibility of pickering emulsions stabilized by food-grade polysaccharides particles

An in vitro digestibility protocol was used to elucidate the role of different emulsifying polysaccharides particles on the lipid digestion rate of oil-in-water Pickering emulsions. Emulsions stabilized by cellulose crystals (CCrys), cellulose nanofibers (CNEs), chitosan particles and a conventional emulsifier (Tween 80) were evaluated concerning microstructure, droplet size, zeta potential and free fatty acids released during digestion. After gastric step, the high positive charge of chitosan-stabilized emulsions favored the droplets disaggregation resulting in a mild effect of bridging flocculation by particles sharing and displacement of the size curve distribution toward lower size. After passing through the intestinal condition, these emulsions presented few droplets and chitosan aggregates with a monomodal size distribution and high mean droplet size (D-4,D-3 = 197 +/- 8 mu m). On the other hand, Tween 80, CCrys and CNTEs were able to inhibit lipid digestion and no changes on mean droplet size were observed following intestinal step. CNEs-stabilized emulsion showed the lowest lipid digestion, whereas the strong adherence of the CCrys particles onto the droplet interface became them resistant to displacement by surface-active components (i.e. bile salts and lipase enzyme). On the other hand, a slow lipid hydrolysis could be observed in chitosan-stabilized emulsions promoted by competition between chitosan aggregates and intestinal fluids by the oil droplet interface. Studying the emulsions stabilized using different polysaccharides particles on gastrointestinal conditions we could elucidate important features for their potential application as control systems of lipid digestion rate, as well as, as delivery systems of lipophilic compounds227CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal e Nível SuperiorCNPQ - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico140705/2015-5; 154160/2018-0; 307168/2016-62007/58017-5; 2011/06083-

Alterações na distribuição de potência cortical em função da consolidação da memória no aprendizado de datilografia Changes in cortical power distribution produced by memory consolidation as a function of a typewriting skill

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar alterações nos padrões eletroencefalográficos de sujeitos normais e destros durante o aprendizado de uma tarefa motora (datilografia). Estudos têm demonstrado que o córtex cerebral é susceptível a modificações durante a aprendizagem e que alterações nos padrões elétricos corticais ocorrem em função da aquisição de uma habilidade motora e da consolidação da memória. Assim, a atividade elétrica cortical dos sujeitos foi analisada antes e depois da prática motora. Os dados foram captados pelo "Braintech" 3000 e analisados pelo programa "Neurometrics". Para a análise estatística, variáveis comportamentais tais como tempo e erro, foram analisadas através do teste ANOVA "one-way" (diferenças entre blocos). Em seguida, foi utilizado um Teste-t pareado para os pares de eletrodos CZ-C3/CZ-C4, nas bandas de freqüência teta e alfa. Os resultados principais demonstraram mudança na performance através das variáveis comportamentais "tempo" e "número de erros". Concomitantemente, não foram observadas alterações na variável neurofisiológica "Potência Absoluta" na banda teta. Em contrapartida, houve um aumento significativo na banda alfa em áreas centrais (CZ-C3/CZ-C4). Tais resultados sugerem uma adaptação do córtex sensório-motor em função do treinamento de datilografia.<br>The present study aimed to investigate alterations in EEG patterns in normal, right-handed individuals, during the process of learning a specific motor skill (typewriting). Recent studies have shown that the cerebral cortex is susceptible to several changes during a learning process and that alterations in the brain's electrical patterns take place as a result of the acquisition of a motor skill and memory consolidation. In this context, subjects' brain electrical activity was analyzed before and after the motor task. EEG data were collected by a Braintech 3000 and analyzed by Neurometrics. For the statistical analysis, the behavioral variables "time" and "number of errors" were assessed by a one-way ANOVA. For the neurophysiological variable "Absolute Power", a paired t-Test was performed for each pair of electrodes CZ-C3/CZ-C4, in the theta and alpha frequency bands. The main results demonstrated a change in performance, through both behavioral variables ("time" and "number of errors"). At the same time, no changes were observed for the neurophysiological variable ("Absolute Power") in the theta band. On the other hand, a significant increase was observed in the alpha band in central areas (CZ-C3/CZ-C4). These results suggest an adaptation of the sensory-motor cortex, as a consequence of the typewriting training