Russian Orthodox Church in the Structure of State Administration in the XIX- Beginning XX Centuries

The article outlines the key areas of the charitable and educational activities of the Orthodox Church, which are analyzed during religious reforms in the 19th and early 20th centuries. in Russia. It is shown that at that time the scale of charity aid and the responsibilities of charitable organizations increased; the control over the distribution of aid has improved, the role of the Church in the social protection of the population has increased. The conclusions made in the article allow us to look at a holistic picture of the Church's activities in providing the educational process in Russian church schools during the period under study. It turned out that the concrete activity of the clergy, which was impossible without the proper level of education, placed the clergy in the most literate category of the population. It is the priests, in the absence of a developed education system in Russia, began to introduce primary public education. This article helps to understand and systematize the position of the Church as a spiritual and moral institution that preserves Russia's cultural heritage. Of particular importance is the regional nature of the topic under study, which makes it possible to understand the general and specific relations between the Church and the state. For the international community, the article will be useful as an archival exhibition, which is a rare publication that reveals the relationship between the Orthodox Church and the state in Russia in the 19th and early 20th centuries

Dormant non-culturable Mycobacterium tuberculosis retains stable low-abundant mRNA

BACKGROUND: Dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli are believed to play an important role in latent tuberculosis infection. Previously, we have demonstrated that cultivation of M. tuberculosis in K(+)-deficient medium resulted in generation of dormant cells. These bacilli were non-culturable on solid media (a key feature of dormant M. tuberculosis in vivo) and characterized by low metabolism and tolerance to anti-tuberculosis drugs. The dormant bacteria demonstrated a high potential to reactivation after K(+) reintroduction even after prolonged persistence under rifampicin. In this work, we studied the transcriptome and stability of transcripts in persisting dormant bacilli under arrest of mRNA de novo synthesis. RESULTS: RNA-seq-based analysis of the dormant non-culturable population obtained under rifampicin exposure revealed a 30–50-fold decrease of the total mRNA level, indicating global transcriptional repression. However, the analysis of persisting transcripts displayed a cohort of mRNA molecules coding for biosynthetic enzymes, proteins involved in adaptation and repair processes, detoxification, and control of transcription initiation. This ‘dormant transcriptome’ demonstrated considerable stability during M. tuberculosis persistence and mRNA de novo synthesis arrest. On the contrary, several small non-coding RNAs showed increased abundance on dormancy. Interestingly, M. tuberculosis entry into dormancy was accompanied by the cleavage of 23S ribosomal RNA at a specific point located outside the ribosome catalytic center. CONCLUSIONS: Dormant non-culturable M. tuberculosis bacilli are characterized by a global transcriptional repression. At the same time, the dormant bacilli retain low-abundant mRNAs, which are considerably stable during in vitro persistence, reflecting their readiness for translation upon early resuscitation steps. Increased abundance of non-coding RNAs on dormancy may indicate their role in the entry into and maintenance of M. tuberculosis dormant non-culturable state. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2197-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Polarization reversal induced by heating-cooling cycles in MgO doped lithium niobate crystals

Polarization reversal during heating-cooling cycles was investigated in MgO doped lithium niobate (MgO:LN) crystal using piezoresponse force microscopy. The essential dependence of the domain structure evolution scenario on the maximal temperature in the cycle has been revealed experimentally. It has been shown that the heating of the engineered domain matrix from room temperature to 85 °C leads to light size reduction of the isolated domains at the matrix edges, whereas the heating to 170 °C leads to essential reduction of the domain size. The opposite strong effect of the domain formation and growth during cooling after pulse heating have been revealed in single domain MgO:LN. The simulation of the time dependence of the pyroelectric field during heating-cooling cycle allowed to reveal the temperature hysteresis and to explain all observed effects taking into account the temperature dependence of the bulk conductivity. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC

Quantitative application of 4D seismic data for updating thin-reservoir models

A range of methods which allow quantitative integration of 4D seismic and reservoir simulation are developed. These methods are designed to work with thin reservoirs, where the seismic response is normally treated in a map-based sense due to the limited vertical resolution of seismic. The first group of methods are fast-track procedures for prediction of future saturation fronts, and reservoir permeability estimation. The input to these methods is pressure and saturation maps which are intended to be derived from time-lapse seismic attributes. The procedures employ a streamline representation of the fluid flow, and finite difference discretisation of the flow equations. The underlying ideas are drawn from the literature and merged with some innovative new ideas, particularly for the implementation and use. However my conclusions on the applicability of the methods are different from their literature counterparts, and are more conservative. The fast-track procedures are advantageous in terms of speed compared to history matching techniques, but are lacking coupling between the quantities which describe the reservoir fluid flow: permeabilities, pressures, and saturations. For this reason, these methods are very sensitive to the input noise, and currently cannot be applied to the real dataset with a robust outcome. Seismic history matching is the second major method considered here for integrating 4D seismic data with the reservoir simulation model. Although more computationally demanding, history matching is capable of tolerating high levels of the input noise, and is more readily applicable to the real datasets. The proposed implementation for seismic modelling within the history matching loop is based on a linear regression between the time-lapse seismic attribute maps and the reservoir dynamic parameter maps, thus avoiding the petro-elastic and seismic trace modelling. The idea for such regression is developed from a pressure/saturation inversion approach found in the literature. Testing of the seismic history matching workflow with the associated uncertainty estimation is performed for a synthetic model. A reduction of the forecast uncertainties is observed after addition of the 4D seismic information to the history matching process. It is found that a proper formulation of the covariance matrices for the seismic errors is essential to obtain favourable forecasts which have small levels of bias. Finally, the procedure is applied to a North Sea field dataset where a marginal reduction in the prediction uncertainties is observed for the wells located close to the major seismic anomalies. Overall, it is demonstrated that the proposed seismic history matching technique is capable of integrating 4D seismic data with the simulation model and increasing confidence in the latter

Axe and Sunlight: Fyodor Dostoevsky’s account of conscience in <i>Crime and Punishment</i>

One is moved when reading the novel Crime and Punishment. Its an emotional experience, that one cannot help become part of. It is with this voice that classical novels are able to achieve an understanding of aspects of the human condition. This phenomenon with the body and the eyes, one is imbued with a sense of moral dilemma. Succeeding, I became upset. Why does anybody have to confess? Feodor Dostoevsky needed a challenge. The hero, Radion Ramanovich Raskolnikov, commits a crime and is free and clear throughout his enthrallment. When circumstantial evidence is clearly to his advantage, and no moral grounds are able to be shaken, why doesn’t the character just play detective and continue a life without being ramshackled by anxieties? The puzzle in Crime and Punishment, is that God seems to be written out of the picture altogether. State rationalism, discipline, experiences learned since birth and deeply embedded in ones personality is atrophied. Dostoevsky seems to retain the claim that nature is good, but not because of having been authored in by God, or the design of man and his state. Dostoevsky is describing a purely naturalistic order in nature which is good. Through the experience of conscience, nature itself, absent divine creation and state interventions, reveals this goodness found within nature. On the one side, the author is trying this different approach to moral thinking; he is driving the bus between state rationalism, rained condition; on the other side, transcendence from the command of Christ consciences. Dostoevsky is taking the middle road and is trying to articulate a conception of moral law which is underdeveloped. He spent time in the Gulag, so he is worried about the state rationalism, the Czar and his powers that threw the hero of the novel. He is worried about the regime, which is still ordered under the old orthodoxy. Like religion, basically at the same time, there is this Frankofile movement. People like Marx and Engels are being imported into Russia, thinkers like Saint-Simon and Schiller are writers who begin to appear in the press. A lot more authors of distinction begin to appear at this time. They start pushing into the direction of state rationalism. That is where Dostoyevsky finds himself – neither Orthodoxy nor state rationalism under all these circumstances. How do we account for this central fact of human nature? There is a conscience, and I am trying to articulate human nature reintegrating without theological and rationalistic foundations. I have teased out the axe, the light and the growth. I think this novel by a genius of the first order is very effective as a narrative argument in investigating why Radion Ramanovich Raskolnikov confessed and removes the burden from the reader of having psychological distress.</p

Framing Emerging Nanotechnologies: Sketches Towards a Forward-Looking Analysis Of Skills

How can we think about the implications of radical technological change for employment and skills? Given the long lead-times required to train professionals, this is an important question, and standard approaches to modeling employment and occupational trends only provide limited parts of the answer. Innovation studies provide us with some further tools for tackling the question, such as diffusion and industry life-cycle analysis, and ideas about different sorts of technological change (including technical paradigms, regimes, and trajectories of change), which are very relevant to emerging technologies like nanotechnology. There are many claims and much argument about the scope and speed of the evolution of nanotechnology. It poses particular challenges to conventional forecasting approaches precisely because it is difficult to resolve such debates in the infancy of a technology, and in this case knowledge is fragmented because of the intersection of numerous lines of development at the nano-scale. Current skill and employment projections for nanoindustries are problematic, so it is important to consider new ways to improve understanding and provide more policy-relevant intelligence

Prevalence of obesity in Kazakhstan

BackgroundObesity is a growing problem throughout the world, including Kazakhstan. However, the obesity rate in interconnection with diabetes and geographical features of the Kazakhstan, has not been investigated yet.AimsTo scrutinize the spatial rates of obesity in various regions of Kazakhstan. Methods Investigations are epidemiological, continuous (covering the entire territory of the state). They are carried out by means of mass medical examination. In addition, the studies are descriptive (descriptive-evaluative) and analytical. Statistic data have been selected in accordance with the following criteria: the diagnosed cases of obesity, diabetes, the demographic survey in the country during the last 5 years; the morbidity rate per 100,000 population.Results The population increase over 5 years of the research turned out to be over 1.3 million people or 7.97 per cent. The annual growth rate, on average, amounted to 1.59 per cent. The total morbidity for all classes of diseases listed in “ICD-10” over the five-year period increased only by 1 per cent. However, morbidity related to endocrinological disorders, malnutrition and metabolic disorders (E00-E89) increased significantly by 19.7 per cent. ConclusionThe investigation revealed a stable growth in obesity, diabetes, metabolic and nutritional disorders. The annual increase in obesity rates during the study period amounted to 3.9 per cent. The highest correlation (Pearson) of obesity value and diabetes is (r, 0.96). South-Kazakhstan, Astana city and Almaty city were identified as the regions with the highest obesity rates.The identified regional features of obesity should help the healthcare system of Kazakhstan organize targeted arrangements to reduce the growth of this pathology