The historical scenario of public relations in Brazil

As relações públicas surgiram no Brasil em 1914, com a criação do primeiro departamento corporativo de da área, em São Paulo. No entanto, seu desenvolvimento ocorreu apenas a partir de 1950. Ao se estabelecerem no Brasil, as empresas multinacionais criaram departamentos de relações públicas para melhorar e fortalecer suas atividades no país. Um aspecto singular, no Brasil, é que a profissão foi regulamentada em 1967, pela Lei nº 5377/67. No mesmo ano, foi criado o primeiro curso de graduação, na Universidade de São Paulo. Inspirados pelas teorias norte-americanas, europeias e latino-americanas, vários autores têm escrito livros conceituais e práticos para o mercado brasileiro, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da profissão. Diversas associações também desempenharam papel crucial nesse sentido, construindo pontes entre o meio acadêmico e o mercado. Este texto apresenta fatos relevantes dos cem anos de relações públicas no Brasil, comemorados em 2014.Public relations arose in Brazil in 1914, with the creation of the first corporate department of the area, in São Paulo. However, it development only occurred as from 1950. When establishing themselves in Brazil, the internactional companies created public relations departments to improve and strengthen their activities in the country. A unique aspect in Brazil is that the profession was regulated in 1967, by Law No. 5.377/67. In the same year the first graduate course was created in the University of São Paulo. Inspired by the North American, European and Latin American theories, a number of authors have written conceptual and practical books for the Brazilian market, contributing to the development of the profession. Various associations have also played a crucial role in this sense, by building bridges between the academic environment and the market. This text presents relevant facts of the one hundred years of public relations in Brazil, celebrated in 2014.Las relaciones públicas surgieron en Brasil en 1914, con la creación del primer departamento corporativo del área, en São Paulo. Pero, su desenvolvimiento ocurrió apenas a partir de 1950.. Al establecerse en el Brasil, las organizaciones multinacionales crearon departamentos de relaciones públicas para mejorar y fortalecer sus actividades en el país. Un aspecto singular en Brasil, es que la profesión fue reglamentada en 1967, por la Ley nº 5377/67. En el mismo año, fue creado el primeo curso de graduación, en la Universidad de São Paulo. Inspirados por las teorías norteamericanas, europeas y latinoamericanas, varios autores han escrito libros conceptuales y prácticos para el mercado brasilero, contribuyendo para el desarrollo de la profesión. Diversas asociaciones también desempeñaron un papel crucial en este sentido, construyendo puentes entre el medio académico y el mercado. Este texto presenta hechos relevantes de los cien años de las relaciones públicas en el Brasil, conmemorados en 2014

Leukemia inhibitory factor protects cholangiocarcinoma cells from drug-induced apoptosis via a PI3K/AKT-dependent Mcl-1 activation

Cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive, strongly chemoresistant liver malignancy. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), an IL-6 family cytokine, promotes progression of various carcinomas. To investigate the role of LIF in cholangiocarcinoma, we evaluated the expression of LIF and its receptor (LIFR) in human samples. LIF secretion and LIFR expression were assessed in established and primary human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. In cholangiocarcinoma cells, we tested LIF effects on proliferation, invasion, stem cell-like phenotype, chemotherapy-induced apoptosis (gemcitabine+cisplatin), expression levels of pro-apoptotic (Bax) and anti-apoptotic (Mcl-1) proteins, with/without PI3K inhibition, and of pSTAT3, pERK1/2, pAKT. LIF effect on chemotherapy-induced apoptosis was evaluated after LIFR silencing and Mcl-1 inactivation. Results show that LIF and LIFR expression were higher in neoplastic than in control cholangiocytes; LIF was also expressed by tumor stromal cells. LIF had no effects on cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation, invasion, and stemness signatures, whilst it counteracted drug-induced apoptosis. Upon LIF stimulation, decreased apoptosis was associated with Mcl-1 and pAKT up-regulation and abolished by PI3K inhibition. LIFR silencing and Mcl-1 blockade restored drug-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, autocrine and paracrine LIF signaling promote chemoresistance in cholangiocarcinoma by up-regulating Mcl-1 via a novel STAT3- and MAPK-independent, PI3K/AKT-dependent pathway. Targeting LIF signaling may increase CCA responsiveness to chemotherapy

Desarrollo de un plan de internacionalización para la consultora venezolana Conorca

En un mundo globalizado, inmerso en una dinámica constante orientada al cambio, en donde las tecnologías juegan un papel preponderante frente a las decisiones estratégicas de las empresas; aunado a una convulsionada realidad política, como es el caso de la actualidad venezolana dentro del tema a tratar, se torna imperativo desarrollar un proceso de internacionalización en procura de buscar nuevas oportunidades que estén orientadas a la continuidad de las actividades empresariales y económicas, incluido propender por un negocio familiar en el que, alrededor de este, se pretende desarrollar toda la temática concerniente a la internacionalización de las empresas como una oportunidad estratégica, con componentes claves como la ventaja competitiva, modos de entrada y selección de mercados; todo lo anterior validado y apalancado por el uso de las nuevas tecnologías necesarias que faciliten la gestión de los procesos.In a globalized world, immersed in a constant dynamics oriented to change, where technologies play a preponderant role in the companies’ strategic decisions, together with a convulsed political reality, as is the case of the Venezuelan current affairs within the subject to try, it becomes imperative to develop an internationalization process in order to seek new opportunities that are oriented to the continuity of business and economic activities, including promoting a family business, in this regard, it is intended to develop the whole subject concerning the internationalization of companies as a strategic opportunity, with key components such as competitive advantage, entry modes and market selection; all of the above validated and leveraged by the use of new technologies necessary to facilitate the management of processes

Effects of arm crossing on spatial perspective-taking.

Human social interactions often require people to take a different perspective than their own. Although much research has been done on egocentric spatial representation in a solo context, little is known about how space is mapped in relation to other bodies. Here we used a spatial perspective-taking paradigm to investigate whether observing a person holding his arms crossed over the body midline has an impact on the encoding of left/right and front/back spatial relations from that person's perspective. In three experiments, we compared performance in a task in which spatial judgments were made from the perspective of the participant or from that of a co-experimenter. Depending on the experimental condition, the participant's and the co-experimenter's arms were either crossed or not crossed over the midline. Our results showed that crossing the arms had a specific effect on spatial judgments based on a first-person perspective. More specifically, the responses corresponding to the dominant hand side were slower in the crossed than in the uncrossed arms condition. Crucially, a similar effect was also found when the participants adopted the perspective of a person holding his arms crossed, but not when the other person's arms were held in an unusual but uncrossed posture. Taken together these findings indicate that egocentric space and altercentric space are similarly coded in neurocognitive maps structured with respect to specific body segments

Schematic representation of the set-up and stimuli of Experiment 1.

<p>Left and right panels represent uncrossed and crossed arm posture conditions, respectively. Please note that the objects shown and their displacement are illustrative and do not reflect those actually used.</p