Solarization in microcosm: effect of plant materials on soil phytopathogen survival and volatile compound production

In addition to Brassicaceae species associated with soil solarization, new materials from plants such as cassava and castor bean have shown potential to control soil phytopathogens. Thus, the present study aimed to verify the effects of incorporation and decomposition of shoot of broccoli, castor bean, and bitter and sweet cassava, associated with solarization in microcosm sets under controlled environment conditions, on the survival of resistance structures from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 2, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI and Sclerotium rolfsii; and to identify volatile compound(s) released by the decomposition of materials, which could be related to phytopathogen inactivation. As to pathogen survival, four identical assays were installed in the microcosms, with four independent exposure periods (7, 14, 21 and 28 days). To identify volatile compounds, assays were performed under the same survival conditions, but using amber glass bottles and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame ionization detectors (GC-FID), and adopting the Solid-Phase Microextraction Technique - SPME. The treatments soil+plant materials, over the tested periods, reduced the survival of resistance structures for all fungi. In general, expressive results were found for broccoli and bitter cassava, as well as sweet cassava against S. rolfsii. The identified volatile compounds were from broccoli, castor bean and sweet cassava decomposition. The number of volatile compounds identified for broccoli, castor bean and sweet cassava were 26, 37 and 29, respectively. Positive and negative correlations were detected among some volatile compounds and their mean values and the survival of resistance structures from phytopathogens.Além das brassicaceas associadas à solarização do solo, novos materiais vegetais como a mandioca e a mamona têm apresentado potencial no controle de fitopatógenos de solo. Assim, objetivou-se verificar os efeitos da incorporação e decomposição de parte aérea de brócolis, mamona e mandioca brava e mansa, associadas à solarização, em conjuntos de microcosmos, sob condições de ambiente controlado, na sobrevivência das estruturas de resistência de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Raça 2, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI e Sclerotium rolfsii; e identificar e apontar o(s) volátil(eis) emanado(s) pela decomposição dos materiais, que poderia(m) estar correlacionado(s) com a inativação dos fitopatógenos. Quanto à sobrevivência dos patógenos, quatro ensaios idênticos foram instalados nos microcosmos, com quatro períodos de exposição independentes (7, 14, 21 e 28 dias). A identificação dos voláteis contou com ensaios realizados sob as mesmas condições da sobrevivência, mas em frascos âmbar e com cromatografia gasosa com detectores por espectrometria de massas (GC-MS) e por ionização em chama (GC-FID), utilizando a técnica de Microextração em Fase Sólida - SPME. Os tratamentos solo+materiais vegetais, ao longo dos períodos testados, reduziram a sobrevivência das estruturas de resistência de todos os fungos. No geral, destacaram-se o brócolis e a mandioca brava, além da mandioca mansa para S. rolfsii. Os voláteis identificados foram oriundos da decomposição de brócolis, mamona e mandioca mansa. Foram identificados 26, 37 e 29 compostos voláteis para brócolis, mamona e mandioca mansa, respectivamente. Correlações positivas e negativas foram observadas entre alguns voláteis e a média dos compostos com a sobrevivência das estruturas de resistência dos fitopatogênicos.123130Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Study of volatile metabolites of phytopathogens inhibitors fungi on plants by HS-SPME e GCxGC-QMS

Orientador: Fabio AugustoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de QuímicaResumo: No cenário da agricultura, observou-se que várias culturas comercialmente importantes são acometidas por doenças causadas por microrganismos patógenos como a ferrugem em eucalipto, causada pelo fungo Puccinia psidii, ou o mofo branco em soja, causado pelo microrganismo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Assim, diversos estudos vêm explorando o uso de agentes de controle biológico (biocontrole) como uma alternativa aos fungicidas comerciais. Para explorar de forma representativa o metabolismo desses agentes de biocontrole são necessárias técnicas analíticas de extração, separação e detecção compatíveis com a magnitude de concentrações e diversidade de compostos produzidos. Neste trabalho, para obter de forma inédita a fração volátil e semi-volátil do metabolismo secundário do fungo do gênero Myrothecium, responsável por combater o mofo branco em soja, utilizaram-se as técnicas de Microextração em Fase Sólida no modo headspace (HS-SPME) aliada à técnica de Cromatografia Gasosa Bidimensional Abrangente acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas Quadrupolar (GC×GC-qMS). O uso da ferramenta quimiométrica MPCA (Análise de Componentes Principais Multi-modo) foi possível avaliar a cinética de produção de voláteis em função do tempo, identificando o dia de mais diversidade metabólica do fungo. Com essa informação em mãos, foram identificados tentativamente compostos químico dos quais se destacam o Feniletilálcool, a-Curcumeno, a-Terpineno, Diepi-a-Cedreno, Cis-a-Bisaboleno, a-Farneseno e ß-Elemeno. Estes possuem conhecida ação de controle de patógenos, podendo ser estudados a fim direcionar os estudos em relação a biofungicidas e indução de resistência em plantasAbstract: In agriculture scenario, there are several commercially important crops that are affected by diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms like the rust in eucalyptus caused by Puccinia psidii fungus or white mold on soybeans, caused by the microorganism Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Thus, there are several studies exploring the use of biological control (Biocontrol) agents as an alternative to commercial fungicides. In order to representatively explore the metabolism of these biocontrol agents analytical techniques for extraction, separation and detection are required and should be compatible with concentration magnitude and diversity of the produced compounds. In this work, in order to get a volatile and semi-volatile fraction of fungal secondary metabolism in an unprecedented way of Myrothecium species, responsible for combating white mold in soybeans, were used Solid Phase Microextraction technique in headspace mode (HS-SPME) coupled with the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography technique coupled to mass spectrometry quadrupole (GC×GC-QMS). The use of the chemometric tool MPCA (Principal Component Analysis Multi-Mode) made possible to evaluate the kinetics of volatile production as a time function, identifying the day of major metabolic fungus diversity. With this information in hands, the chemical compounds were tentatively identified among which are the phenilethyl alcohol, a-curcumene, a-terpinene, Diepi-a-cedrene, cis-a-bisabolene, a-farnesene and ß-elemene. These compounds have known pathogens control activity and can be guide and direct the biofungicides and plant resistence induction studiesMestradoQuimica AnaliticaMestra em QuímicaCAPE

Solarização em microcosmo: efeito de materiais vegetais na sobrevivência de fitopatógenos de solo e na produção de voláteis

Além das brassicaceas associadas à solarização do solo, novos materiais vegetais como a mandioca e a mamona têm apresentado potencial no controle de fitopatógenos de solo. Assim, objetivou-se verificar os efeitos da incorporação e decomposição de parte aérea de brócolis, mamona e mandioca brava e mansa, associadas à solarização, em conjuntos de microcosmos, sob condições de ambiente controlado, na sobrevivência das estruturas de resistência de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Raça 2, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI e Sclerotium rolfsii; e identificar e apontar o(s) volátil(eis) emanado(s) pela decomposição dos materiais, que poderia(m) estar correlacionado(s) com a inativação dos fitopatógenos. Quanto à sobrevivência dos patógenos, quatro ensaios idênticos foram instalados nos microcosmos, com quatro períodos de exposição independentes (7, 14, 21 e 28 dias). A identificação dos voláteis contou com ensaios realizados sob as mesmas condições da sobrevivência, mas em frascos âmbar e com cromatografia gasosa com detectores por espectrometria de massas (GC-MS) e por ionização em chama (GC-FID), utilizando a técnica de Microextração em Fase Sólida - SPME. Os tratamentos solo+materiais vegetais, ao longo dos períodos testados, reduziram a sobrevivência das estruturas de resistência de todos os fungos. No geral, destacaram-se o brócolis e a mandioca brava, além da mandioca mansa para S. rolfsii. Os voláteis identificados foram oriundos da decomposição de brócolis, mamona e mandioca mansa. Foram identificados 26, 37 e 29 compostos voláteis para brócolis, mamona e mandioca mansa, respectivamente. Correlações positivas e negativas foram observadas entre alguns voláteis e a média dos compostos com a sobrevivência das estruturas de resistência dos fitopatogênicos.In addition to Brassicaceae species associated with soil solarization, new materials from plants such as cassava and castor bean have shown potential to control soil phytopathogens. Thus, the present study aimed to verify the effects of incorporation and decomposition of shoot of broccoli, castor bean, and bitter and sweet cassava, associated with solarization in microcosm sets under controlled environment conditions, on the survival of resistance structures from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 2, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI and Sclerotium rolfsii; and to identify volatile compound(s) released by the decomposition of materials, which could be related to phytopathogen inactivation. As to pathogen survival, four identical assays were installed in the microcosms, with four independent exposure periods (7, 14, 21 and 28 days). To identify volatile compounds, assays were performed under the same survival conditions, but using amber glass bottles and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame ionization detectors (GC-FID), and adopting the Solid-Phase Microextraction Technique - SPME. The treatments soil+plant materials, over the tested periods, reduced the survival of resistance structures for all fungi. In general, expressive results were found for broccoli and bitter cassava, as well as sweet cassava against S. rolfsii. The identified volatile compounds were from broccoli, castor bean and sweet cassava decomposition. The number of volatile compounds identified for broccoli, castor bean and sweet cassava were 26, 37 and 29, respectively. Positive and negative correlations were detected among some volatile compounds and their mean values and the survival of resistance structures from phytopathogens.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Worldwide Disparities in Recovery of Cardiac Testing 1 Year Into COVID-19

BACKGROUND The extent to which health care systems have adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic to provide necessary cardiac diagnostic services is unknown.OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the pandemic on cardiac testing practices, volumes and types of diagnostic services, and perceived psychological stress to health care providers worldwide.METHODS The International Atomic Energy Agency conducted a worldwide survey assessing alterations from baseline in cardiovascular diagnostic care at the pandemic's onset and 1 year later. Multivariable regression was used to determine factors associated with procedure volume recovery.RESULTS Surveys were submitted from 669 centers in 107 countries. Worldwide reduction in cardiac procedure volumes of 64% from March 2019 to April 2020 recovered by April 2021 in high- and upper middle-income countries (recovery rates of 108% and 99%) but remained depressed in lower middle- and low-income countries (46% and 30% recovery). Although stress testing was used 12% less frequently in 2021 than in 2019, coronary computed tomographic angiography was used 14% more, a trend also seen for other advanced cardiac imaging modalities (positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance; 22%-25% increases). Pandemic-related psychological stress was estimated to have affected nearly 40% of staff, impacting patient care at 78% of sites. In multivariable regression, only lower-income status and physicians' psychological stress were significant in predicting recovery of cardiac testing.CONCLUSIONS Cardiac diagnostic testing has yet to recover to prepandemic levels in lower-income countries. Worldwide, the decrease in standard stress testing is offset by greater use of advanced cardiac imaging modalities. Pandemic-related psychological stress among providers is widespread and associated with poor recovery of cardiac testing. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier on behalf of the American College of Cardiology Foundation

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN