Broadening the Feminist Ideal: Female Expression in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening and Kathryn Stockett’s The Help

Feminist criticism can be difficult to navigate, especially given the sociopolitical contexts connected to feminism all throughout history. In literature, idealized feminist characterizations can often leave less dramatically feminist characters behind, relegating them to a category of characters who are “not feminist enough.” But it is important to understand that these characters are still just as validly feminist as their dramatically feminist counterparts. In Kate Chopin’s The Awakening and Kathryn Stockett’s The Help, readers see wonderful examples of women who operate in feminist ways, some within the roles that traditional feminist criticism would see as roles which trap them and prevent them from expressing their feminist identity to the fullest. Instead of viewing their “confines” as roles which they must escape in order to truly express their feminist identities, these women operate within them, revealing a feminist expression and agency that shines through their “restrictions.

Mikroskopische Einblicke in Phasen und ihre Transformationen in anorganischen Halogenid-Perowskiten

Inorganic CsPbX3 (X=Br,I) possess tunable band-gap energies and are a promising material system for functional layers in light-emitting diodes and for wide-gap absorbers in perovskite silicon tandem solar cells. Nevertheless, the available band-gap energies are limited by photo-induced halide phase segregation, a widely reported phenomenon that is not entirely understood. The present work sets out to gain microscopic insights into phases and their transformations in inorganic lead halide perovskites (LHP) from the μm down to the subnm scale by correlative microscopy and spectroscopy, as well as by in-situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). First, Cs-Pb-Br thin films synthesized by various methods were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, atom probe tomography, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and a variety of spatially resolved scanning electron microscopy and TEM methods with spatial resolutions ranging from the μm to the nm scale. In accordance with density functional theory calculations and the ternary phase diagram, the correlative analysis of the characterized thin films showed that the perovskite-type phase CsPbBr3 is always accompanied by secondary phases of one or more of the following: CsPb2Br5, Cs4PbBr6, CsBr, PbBr2. Spatial distributions and volume fractions vary in dependence of the synthesis methods. The presented results serve as an example that phase purity cannot be taken for granted in LHP thin films. Then, the present work investigated halide phase segregation in nanocrystals of mixed-halide CsPb(BrxI1−x)3 in dependence of their sizes and their initial halide ratios [Br]:[I]. The phase segregation was induced and monitored in-situ by TEM on the sub-nm scale and evaluated by multivariate analysis. Furthermore, the results were correlated with light-induced phase segregation monitored by PL spectroscopy. In crystallites of about 40 nm size, the spatial evolution of the halide segregation depended strongly on the initial halide ratio. In Br-rich crystallites of stoichiometry CsPb(Br0.8I0.2)3, an I-rich phase segregated at the borders of the particle, while a pure CsPbBr3 domain formed at the center. I-rich crystallites segregated into a pure CsPbI3 matrix with small Br-rich inclusions. No halide phase segregation was observed in particles smaller than about 20nm, confirming a particle size threshold for phase segregation. To rationalize the halide phase segregation, the interplay of three factors has to be considered: (1) Irradiation-induced iodide oxidation results in higher mobility of iodine than bromide. In combination with this process, (2) intrinsic band-gap differences explain the size and intensity threshold below which no phase segregation occurs, and (3) intrinsic lattice strain provides the preferential direction in dependence of the initial halide ratio. Since the iodine oxidation can be induced by electron-beam and light irradiation, this process also explains why both mechanisms trigger phase segregation in LHP compounds.Anorganische CsPbX3 (X=Br,I) Perowskite sind wegen ihrer durchstimmbaren Bandlückenenergie ein vielversprechendes Materialsystem für funktionale Schichten in Leuchtdioden oder als Absorber in Perowskit-Silizium Tandemsolarzellen. Die Bandbreite der verfügbaren Bandlückenenergien wird jedoch durch lichtinduzierte Halogenid-Phasensegregation eingeschränkt. Das Phänomen ist weitläufig bekannt, allerdings nicht vollständig verstanden. Die vorliegende Arbeit nutzt korrelative Mikroskopie und Spektroskopie sowie hochauflösende in-situ-Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM), um Erkenntnisse zu Phasenverteilungen und Phasentransformationen in anorganischen Bleihalogenid-Perowskiten auf der μm- bis zur sub-nm-Skala zu gewinnen. Zunächst, wurden Cs-Pb-Br-Dünnschichten (hergestellt durch unterschiedliche Synthesemethoden) mittels Röntgenbeugung, Atomsondentomographie, Photolumineszenzspektroskopie (PL) und einer vielzahl von ortsaufgelösten Rasterelektronenmikroskopie- und TEM-Methoden auf Skalen von μm bis nm untersucht. In Übereinstimmung mit Dichtefunktionaltheorieberechnungen und dem ternären Cs-Pb-Br-Phasendiagram, hat die korrelative Analyse der Dünnschichten gezeigt, dass die CsPbBr3-Perowskitphase immer durch eine oder mehrere der folgenden Sekundärphasen begleitet wird: CsPb2Br5, Cs4PbBr6, CsBr, PbBr2. Die räumliche Verteilung und der Volumenanteil varieren in Abhängigkeit von der Synthesemethode. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse dienen als Beispiel dafür, dass Phasenreinheit in Bleihalogenid-Perowskite-Dünnschichten nicht als gegeben angenommen werden kann. Weiterhin wurde die Halogenid-Phasensegregation in Nanokristallen in CsPb(BrxI1−x)3 in Abhängigkeit von der Größe der Kristallite und ihrem anfänglichen Halogenidverhältnissen [Br]:[I] untersucht. Die Phasensegregation wurde im TEM auf der Sub-nm-Skala induziert und beobachtet und mit Hilfe von multivariaten Verfahren ausgewertet. Darüber hinaus wurden die Ergebnisse mit lichtinduzierter Phasensegregation anhand von PL-Spektroskopie korreliert. In Kristalliten von etwa 40 nm Größe hing die räumliche Entwicklung der Halogenid-Segregation stark vom anfänglichen Halogenidverhältnis ab. In Br-reichen Kristalliten der Stöchiometrie CsPb(Br0.8I0.2)3 segregierte eine I-reiche Phase an den Rändern der Kristallite, während sich eine reine CsPbBr3-Domäne in der Mitte der Nanokristalle bildete. I-reiche Kristallite segregierten in eine reine CsPbI3-Matrix mit kleinen Br-reichen Einschlüssen. Bei Partikeln, die kleiner als etwa 20 nm waren, wurde keine Halogenidphasensegregation beobachtet, was einen Partikelgrößenschwellenwert für die Phasensegregation bestätigt. Um die vorliegende Halogenid-Phasensegregation zu erklären, muss das Zusammenspiel von drei Faktoren berücksichtigt werden: (1) Die durch Electron/Licht-Bestrahlung induzierte Iodidoxidation führt zu einer höheren Mobilität von Iod als von Bromid. In Kombination mit diesem Prozess erklären (2) intrinsische Bandlückenunterschiede die Größen- und Intensitätsschwellen, unterhalb derer keine Phasensegregation auftritt, und (3) liefern intrinsische Gitterdehnungen die Vorzugsrichtung der Phasensegregation in Abhängigkeit vom anfänglichen Halogenidverhältnis. Da die Jodoxidation durch Elektronenstrahl- und Lichtbestrahlung induziert werden kann, erklärt dieser Prozess auch, warum beide Strahlungsquellen die Phasensegregation in Bleihalogenid-Perowskiten auslösen können

Subcellular Trafficking and Functional Relationship of the HSV-1 Glycoproteins N and M

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein N (gN/UL49.5) is a type I transmembrane protein conserved throughout the herpesvirus family. gN is a resident of the endoplasmic reticulum that in the presence of gM is translocated to the trans Golgi network. gM and gN are covalently linked by a single disulphide bond formed between cysteine 46 of gN and cysteine 59 of gM. Exit of gN from the endoplasmic reticulum requires the N-terminal core of gM composed of eight transmembrane domains but is independent of the C-terminal extension of gM. Co-transport of gN and gM to the trans Golgi network also occurs upon replacement of conserved cysteines in gM and gN, suggesting that their physical interaction is mediated by covalent and non-covalent forces. Deletion of gN/UL49.5 using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mutagenesis generated mutant viruses with wild-type growth behaviour, while full deletion of gM/UL10 resulted in an attenuated phenotype. Deletion of gN/UL49.5 in conjunction with various gM/UL10 mutants reduced average plaque sizes to the same extent as either single gM/UL10 mutant, indicating that gN is nonessential for the function performed by gM. We propose that gN functions in gM-dependent as well as gM-independent processes during which it is complemented by other viral factors

Subcellular Trafficking and Functional Relationship of the HSV-1 Glycoproteins N and M

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein N (gN/UL49.5) is a type I transmembrane protein conserved throughout the herpesvirus family. gN is a resident of the endoplasmic reticulum that in the presence of gM is translocated to the trans Golgi network. gM and gN are covalently linked by a single disulphide bond formed between cysteine 46 of gN and cysteine 59 of gM. Exit of gN from the endoplasmic reticulum requires the N-terminal core of gM composed of eight transmembrane domains but is independent of the C-terminal extension of gM. Co-transport of gN and gM to the trans Golgi network also occurs upon replacement of conserved cysteines in gM and gN, suggesting that their physical interaction is mediated by covalent and non-covalent forces. Deletion of gN/UL49.5 using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mutagenesis generated mutant viruses with wild-type growth behaviour, while full deletion of gM/UL10 resulted in an attenuated phenotype. Deletion of gN/UL49.5 in conjunction with various gM/UL10 mutants reduced average plaque sizes to the same extent as either single gM/UL10 mutant, indicating that gN is nonessential for the function performed by gM. We propose that gN functions in gM-dependent as well as gM-independent processes during which it is complemented by other viral factors

Genes Involved in Feed Efficiency Identified in a Meta-Analysis of Rumen Tissue from Two Populations of Beef Steers

In cattle, the rumen is an important site for the absorption of feed by-products released by bacterial fermentation, and variation in ruminal function plays a role in cattle feed efficiency. Studies evaluating gene expression in the rumen tissue have been performed prior to this. However, validating the expression of genes identified in additional cattle populations has been challenging. The purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of the ruminal transcriptome of two unrelated populations of animals to identify genes that are involved in feed efficiency across populations. RNAseq data from animals with high and low residual feed intake (RFI) from a United States population of cattle (eight high and eight low RFI) and a Canadian population of cattle (nine high and nine low RFI) were analyzed for differences in gene expression. A total of 83 differentially expressed genes were identified. Some of these genes have been previously identified in other feed efficiency studies. These genes included ATP6AP1, BAG6, RHOG, and YPEL3. Differentially expressed genes involved in the Notch signaling pathway and in protein turnover were also identified. This study, combining two unrelated populations of cattle in a meta-analysis, produced several candidate genes for feed efficiency that may be more robust indicators of feed efficiency than those identified from single populations of animals

Mapping Cloud-Edge-IoT opportunities and challenges in Europe

While current data processing predominantly occurs in centralized facilities, with a minor portion handled by smart objects, a shift is anticipated, with a surge in data originating from smart devices. This evolution necessitates reconfiguring the infrastructure, emphasising computing capabilities at the cloud's "edge" closer to data sources. This change symbolises the merging of cloud, edge, and IoT technologies into a unified network infrastructure - a Computing Continuum - poised to redefine tech interactions, offering novel prospects across diverse sectors. The computing continuum is emerging as a cornerstone of tech advancement in the contemporary digital era. This paper provides an in-depth exploration of the computing continuum, highlighting its potential, practical implications, and the adjustments required to tackle existing challenges. It emphasises the continuum's real-world applications, market trends, and its significance in shaping Europe's tech future

Substance Use Prevention Services in Juvenile Justice and Behavioral Health: Results from a National Survey

BACKGROUND: This study examined the national availability of substance use prevention (SUP) within juvenile justice (JJ) and their primary behavioral health (BH) providers, and the relationships between the availability of SUP and agency-level measures of organizational structure, staffing, and youth characteristics. A three-stage national probability sampling process was used to select participants for a national survey that included, among other facets of community supervision (CS) and BH practices, questions on agency characteristics, youth characteristics, whether the agency/provider directly provided SUP services, and whether the agency/provider directly provided substance use and/or mental health treatment. This paper focuses on SUP services along with agency/provider and youth characteristics related to providing SUP. RESULTS: The response rate for both CS agencies (n = 195) and BH providers (n = 271) was 96%. Complex samples logistic regression initially examined univariate associations of each variable and identified candidates for a final multivariate model. Overall, only one-third of CS and BH providers reported offering SUP services, with BH providers being significantly more likely than CS agencies to provide SUP services. In addition, likelihood of SUP was significantly lower among agencies where the substance use distribution of the caseload was below the median. Controlling for master\u27s level staff and the substance use distribution, CS agencies were about 67% less likely to offer SUP when compared to BH providers. CONCLUSIONS: Given the high rates of substance use among justice-involved youth and that substance use is an established risk for several negative behaviors, outcomes, and health conditions, these findings suggest that evidence-based prevention services should likely be expanded in justice settings, and perhaps included as part of CS programs, even when youth do not initially present with SU service needs

Volume 12

Introduction, Dr. Roger A. Byrne, Dean From the Editor, Dr. Larissa Kat Tracy From the Designers, Rachel English, Rachel Hanson Immortality in the Mortal World: Otherworldly Intervention in Lanval and The Wife of Bath\u27s Tale by Haleigh James Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Moroccan Olive Oils by HPLC by Hannah Meyls Art by Hope Irvin The Effects of Cell Phone Use on Gameplay Enjoyment and Frustration by Megan E. Hlavaty, Samara L. Gall, and Austin J. Funk Care, No Matter What: Planned Parenthood\u27s Use of Organizational Rhetoric to Expand its Reputation by Karyn Keane Analysis of Petroleum Products for Forensic and Environmental Applications by Sarah Ghali, Antonio Harvey, and Katelynn McCrillis Art by Andrew Jones The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire by Rachel Hazelwood Art by Madison Schmitz Ercilla y la imitacion: Araucanos al estilo europeo by Marija Venta Design by Haley Tebo Design by Jeremiah Gilmer White Supremacist\u27s Appropriation of the Persuasion of Passivity in Marvel\u27s Captain America by Bridget Dunn Design by Benjamin Sullivan Art by McKenzie Johnso

Revisiting the Twentieth Century Through the Lens of Generation X and Digital Games: A Scoping Review

Video games have been around since the 1960s and have impacted upon society in a myriad of different ways. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify existing literature within the domain of video games which recruited participants from the Generation X (1965–1980) cohort. Six databases were searched (ACM, CINHAL Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) focusing on published journal papers between 1970 and 2000. Search results identified 3186 articles guided by the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR); 4 papers were irretrievable, 138 duplicated papers were removed, leaving 3048 were assessed for eligibility and 3026 were excluded. Articles (n = 22) were included into this review, with four papers primarily published in 1997 and in 1999. Thematic analysis identified five primary themes: purpose and objectives, respective authors’ reporting, technology, ethics and environment) and seven secondary themes: populations, type of participants (e.g. children, students), ethical approval, study design, reimbursement, language, type of assessments. This scoping review is distinctive because it primarily focuses on Generation X, who have experienced and grown-up with videogames, and contributes to several disciplines including: game studies, gerontology and health, and has wider implications from a societal, design and development perspective of video games